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From Deepfakes To Democracy: Sabah's Digital Dawn For Unity And Prosperity

2025-09-30T08:02:14+08:00

Article By:

Azizan?H Morshidi

Senior Lecturer,?Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities &?Researcher of GEOPES Team

azizanm@ums.edu.my?

The Bernama feature ��As AI Rushes In, Malaysia Races to Save Jobs, Human Connection�� offers a compelling overview of how rapid automation is reshaping work and society at the national level. Its warning that up to 92 percent of clerical and administrative positions are vulnerable to generative AI captures the scale of potential disruption, while its case study of a major bank��s misstep with a voice-bot underscores the perils of displacing human judgment. Applied to Sabah��s imminent 17th State Election, these lessons resonate deeply: the same technologies that threaten routine jobs also possess the power to either fortify or fracture democratic engagement, depending on how stakeholders choose to deploy them.

Sabah��s economy and public administration are still heavily reliant on manual processes and in-person interactions. Many district offices use paper-based record-keeping, and intermittent broadband coverage in rural areas has slowed digital uptake. While this infrastructural lag might temporarily shield local workers from wholesale automation of clerical tasks, it also cements a growing digital divide. In urban centres like Kota Kinabalu and Sandakan, private-sector employers are already experimenting with AI chatbots for customer service, yet these systems often falter when confronted even with popular Sabahan dialects such as Kadazandusun or Bajau. The bank example from the Bernama article is instructive: without investing in nuanced language models and human oversight, automated interfaces frustrate users and erode trust, an outcome equally damaging during an election when citizens seek clear communication from both government agencies and political candidates.

Beyond the risk of job displacement, AI-driven manipulation presents an acute threat to the integrity of PRN17. Deepfake videos have surfaced on messaging apps, falsely depicting infrastructure projects in Sabah as non-functional, thereby inflaming public frustration over supply disruptions. Social-media algorithms, by curating content based on previous interactions, can inadvertently confine young voters to politically homogeneous echo chambers. This echo-chamber effect magnifies sensationalist

claims��whether about infrastructure failures or exaggerated manifestos, while muting fact-based discourse. In an election where youth turnout could tip the balance, such distortions risk alienating first-time voters or, worse, swaying them on the basis of fabricated evidence.

Yet the Bernama analysis did more than highlight perils; it outlined a blueprint for human-centred automation that Sabahan stakeholders may embrace. AI should be leveraged to amplify human strengths, contextual judgment, empathy, cultural knowledge, rather than replace them. For instance, predictive-analytics tools can help state engineers forecast drought risks and optimize water allocation, but human technicians are indispensable for interpreting sensor data in light of local terrain and community needs. Similarly, natural-language processing can translate election guidelines into Sabahan dialects, widening civic participation, but human moderators must verify translations to prevent misunderstanding.

The urgency of upskilling cannot be overstated. Young Sabahan voters are digitally savvy, often consuming political news and campaign materials online. However, their media-literacy skills, particularly the ability to distinguish deepfakes from authentic footage, remain underdeveloped. If Sabah��s youth are to become true stewards of democracy instead of passive data consumers, the state education system must integrate digital-citizenship modules that cover AI ethics, fact-checking techniques, and the science behind algorithmic recommendations. Community colleges and religious study centres in Tawau, Beaufort, and the Interior should host practical workshops where participants examine manipulated media, learn to use open-source verification tools, and discuss the civic implications of unchecked misinformation.

Small and medium enterprises in Sabah are another focal point. Many shopkeepers and agribusiness operators still rely on cash transactions and manual ledgers. Bernama��s survey of nationwide corporate hesitancy, rooted in cost concerns, technical inexperience, and fear of complex deployment, mirrors reality here. To prevent Sabah��s SMEs from falling irreversibly behind, the state government, in partnership with industry associations, must roll out mobile AI-literacy labs. These units would travel to remote communities, offering hands-on training in basic AI tools for inventory management, customer-relationship tracking, and crop forecasting. By bundling these sessions with micro-financing advice, Sabah can stimulate grassroots innovation while building resilience against both economic and informational shocks.

Regulators and digital-platform operators bear a shared responsibility to protect election integrity. The federal election commission��s recent collaboration with social-media companies to take down false election-date posters sets a positive precedent. In Sabah, this effort must be expanded: local research centres and university laboratories should install AI-powered monitoring systems that flag suspicious content in real time. These systems can identify coordinated inauthentic behaviour such as multiple accounts posting the same deepfake, while human analysts evaluate context and escalate confirmed threats. Simultaneously, regulators need to develop clear guidelines on political advertising algorithms, mandating transparency in how campaign messages are targeted to specific demographic groups.

Political parties and candidates themselves have an opportunity to set a higher standard for digital campaigning in PRN17. A public�\pledge initiative could require each candidate to commit to zero tolerance for AI-generated misinformation and to disclose any use of automated tools in their outreach. Those candidates who harness AI for legitimate innovation such as localized chatbots that answer voter queries on polling logistics or automated platforms that gather constituent feedback on infrastructure priorities, should be recognized and celebrated. Embedding responsible-AI clauses in party manifestos will not only build public trust but also signal to voters that tomorrow��s leadership values both technological progress and ethical restraint.

Civil society organizations, from youth councils to interfaith coalitions, have a vital role in bridging divides through technology. Sabah��s communal rice-planting ceremonies and traditional handicraft workshops exemplify the state��s cultural richness, networks of reciprocity and trust that must be preserved in the digital realm. Public hackathons can channel this communal spirit by inviting Sabahan teams to co-create AI applications that promote tourism, streamline fishery supply chains, or map rural heritage sites. These events do more than generate code: they foster inter-ethnic collaboration and surface solutions grounded in lived experience, ensuring that AI supports inclusive prosperity rather than exacerbating inequality.

For Sabah��s youth, the stakes could not be higher. As PRN17 approaches on the heels of Malaysia Day 2025, a moment to celebrate national unity and collective advancement, young voters stand at the crossroads of technology and democracy. They can either succumb to manipulated narratives that breed cynicism or rise as digital champions who demand transparent governance and equitable development. Cultivating this second path requires sustained mentorship from university innovators, local entrepreneurs, and civil-society mentors who can model ethical use of AI in campaign strategy and public service delivery.

By weaving together these elements, human-centred automation, targeted upskilling, robust regulation, ethical campaigning, and community-driven innovation, Sabah can embody the Bernama article��s core thesis: that technology��s true promise lies not in supplanting human connection but in magnifying it. The state��s unique linguistic diversity, patchwork of rural and urban communities, and vibrant youth culture give it a comparative advantage: a living laboratory for demonstrating how AI, guided by cultural nuance and democratic principles, can accelerate shared prosperity.

As voters head to the polls for PRN17, they are not merely casting ballots on infrastructure plans or party platforms; they are choosing how Sabah will navigate the 21st-century challenges of automation, misinformation, and digital inclusion. The Bernama analysis, when adapted to this context, offers both a sobering caution and an inspiring roadmap. It is now up to Sabah��s citizens, leaders, educators, and entrepreneurs to decide whether AI will become a wedge that divides or a bridge that unites, whether our island state will emerge fragmented by technocratic fear or strengthened by a collective commitment to human dignity and mutual progress. In the balance lies not only the outcome of an election but the future shape of democracy and opportunity in East Malaysia.

Testing Sabah's State Election In The Age Of Artificial Intelligence

2025-09-18T08:31:57+08:00

Article By:

Azizan bin Morshidi

Senior Lecturer,?Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities &?Researcher of GEOPES Team

azizanm@ums.edu.my

The approaching 17th State Election (PRN17) in Sabah represents not only a traditional political contest but also a critical test for the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) within the local democratic landscape. The year 2024 has been marked by a significant number of electoral processes worldwide, engaging nearly half of the global population and heightening the demand for accurate and reliable information. In this context, AI emerges as a dual-purpose tool��capable of enhancing electoral efficiency while simultaneously introducing risks of misinformation and manipulation.

The Potential of AI in Strengthening Democracy

AI offers significant opportunities to improve transparency and participation in elections. The Election Commission of Malaysia (EC) has the potential to utilise AI for disseminating personalised electoral information, including voting reminders in multiple languages and logistical details. This technology could also assist in monitoring voter turnout and managing electoral data more efficiently.

Such initiatives align with the nation's digital aspirations under the Malaysia Madani framework and the MyDIGITAL Blueprint, which aim to transform public services through digitalisation. The Government launched the National Artificial Intelligence Framework in 2023 to guide the ethical use of AI in both public and private sectors. In Sabah, the state government has demonstrated commitment to digital transformation through the Sabah Maju Jaya development plan, though the specific implementation of AI in public interest management remains at an early stage.

Risks and Challenges of AI in Democracy

However, the use of AI in elections is not without risks. The spread of false information and synthetic content such as deepfakes has become a global concern, including in Malaysia. According to the World Economic Forum��s Global Risks Report 2024, misinformation and disinformation are among the most severe short-term risks facing societies worldwide.

At the local level, the Chief Minister of Sabah, Datuk Seri Panglima Hajiji Noor, has expressed concerns about the misuse of social media and technology to spread political defamation. This issue is particularly relevant given Sabah��s unique linguistic and socio-cultural diversity, which may influence how information is disseminated and perceived. Sabah's strategic launch of the Gamuda AI Academy at the Sabah State Library could emerge as a commendable initiative for approaching the 17th State Election (PRN17), directly addressing the rising threats of AI-generated misinformation and deepfakes that may have already impacted the electoral landscape. Deputy Chief Minister Datuk Ir Shahelmey Yahya as criticizing the irresponsible use of AI technology to create defamatory videos against the government, warning that such actions risk tarnishing Sabah��s reputation. Thus, this initiative represents a proactive defence of democratic integrity by turning youth into frontline defenders of accurate information.

As throngs of new Undi18 voters increasingly rely on social media for political content, issue such as algorithmic literacy and digital verification shall be, empowering future voters to safeguard election transparency. By integrating AI education with Sabah's Sabah Maju Jaya agenda, this collaboration between government, private sectors, and AI giants ensures local talent drives ethical AI adoption in public services, land management, and electoral processes��proving that in the age of synthetic media, Sabah is building not just technical skills, but democratic resilience from within.

On the same note, for Sabah to harness the transformative potential of AI without falling prey to its perils, the state must first overcome a foundational digital challenge. The ambitious goals of digital literacy programs, ethical AI governance, and collaborative monitoring of misinformation will remain futile if basic public infrastructure remains critically inadequate. Without highly improved electricity supply, paved road networks, consistent water access, and, most urgently, stable and reliable 5G internet connectivity, Sabah risks entrenching a damaging new form of inequality namely, algorithmic exclusion. AI development depends on seamless data flow, continuous power, and widespread connectivity; without these, the state will not only lag in technological adoption but also remain acutely vulnerable to AI-driven disinformation and manipulation. If Sabah is to truly serve as a model for AI-integrated democracy rather than a cautionary tale, it must first bridge the infrastructural chasm that threatens to leave its people behind, once again, in the nation��s march toward progress.

Striking a Balance: The Path Forward

The start of second half of 2025 has witnessed social upheavals abroad partly caused by disinformation. These incidents serve as a sobering cautionary tale for the world, demonstrating that without robust digital infrastructure and pre-emptive safeguards, the same algorithms that promise progress can also be weaponized to exploit societal fractures and trigger real-world instability. Addressing these challenges requires proactive measures. Enhancing digital literacy is essential, necessitating collaboration between the EC, government agencies such as the Ministry of Communications, the Department of Information, Royal Military Police and local universities to raise public awareness on identifying false information.

Strengthening the existing regulatory framework under the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC) and the Official Secrets Act is also crucial to addressing digital threats, in line with the National AI Framework��s emphasis on ethics and governance.

Close collaboration with social media platforms such as Meta, TikTok, and X (formerly Twitter) is needed to monitor and address detrimental content, following precedents set by the general elections abroad.

Furthermore, developing localised research on the impact of AI on democracy in Malaysia, particularly in Sabah, is vital to understanding and addressing context-specific socio-cultural factors.

PRN17 in Sabah provides an important testing ground for the integration of AI into Malaysian democracy. While AI holds promise for improving efficiency and access to information, it also carries risks of manipulation and inequity that must be proactively addressed. A cautious and collaborative approach among all stakeholders is essential to ensure that this technology strengthens rather than undermines the democratic process in Sabah and Malaysia as a whole.

Malaysia Day & Sabah��s Tragedy of Floods and Landslides �C A Refection of a Man on Omnibus

2025-09-17T08:20:43+08:00

By:?Marja Azlima Omar,?Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, �鶹��Ƶ

On September 16, Malaysia marks its National Day of Unity, the day that we celebrate as ��Malaysia Day�� This date, etched in our collective memory since 1963, symbolises not only the moment of federation but also the promise of a shared destiny between Malaya, Sabah, and Sarawak. Each year, Malaysians are reminded of the ideals of integration often coined as unity in diversity, respect for difference, and strength in togetherness. For many, Malaysia Day is a time of parades, cultural performances, and proud reflections on the nation��s achievements.

Yet, this year, in Sabah, the occasion is shadowed by grief. Just days before the 68th commemoration of Malaysia Day, floods and landslides devastated several communities across the state. Families lost their homes, livelihoods were swept away, and most tragically, lives were lost. At the time of writing, 13 were confirmed dead due to landslides at four villages in Papar, Penampang and Kolombong. Indeed, what was supposed to be a day of celebration has become a moment of mourning and reflection. One cannot help but ponder pertinent lingering question i. e. after nearly seven decades of nationhood, is this truly the kind of freedom and unity we celebrate?

Floods and landslides are not new to Sabah and a few other states such as Kelantan, Terengganu and Pahang. Each monsoon season, communities brace themselves for the worst, often with immediate limited resources or support. The intensity of recent events, however, underscores a troubling reality: these disasters are not entirely natural. They are exacerbated by human actions and systemic failures. Poor urban planning, deforestation, inadequate drainage systems, and weak disaster preparedness all converge to turn heavy rain into humanitarian crises.

As Malaysians, we must confront the uncomfortable truth that such tragedies are, to a large extent, preventable. They are not simply ��acts of God�� to be accepted passively. They reveal shortcomings in governance, infrastructure, and long-term planning. The symbolism of Malaysia Day becomes stark when placed against this backdrop. What value does freedom hold if citizens cannot be safe in their own homes? What is the meaning of independence if some states continue to bear disproportionate suffering, year after year? All of these are nothing but uncomfortable questions but warrants deep reflection for better outlook.

Freedom is often celebrated in political terms as being independence from colonial rule, sovereignty over territory, and the right to self-determination. However, for ordinary citizens, freedom has a more immediate meaning. It is the freedom to live without fear of displacement or death from preventable disasters. It is the freedom to enjoy safe housing, reliable infrastructure, and equal access to opportunities. It is the freedom to trust that the government, both state and federal, will safeguard the well-being of its people.

Malaysia Day should therefore not only be about remembrance but also about accountability. To celebrate nationhood while ignoring preventable suffering would be an empty gesture. The true test of a nation��s independence is not found in ceremonial speeches or parades. It is revealed in moments of crisis. When states are struck by floods and landslides, the rest of Malaysia must respond. Those responses are not out of charity, but out of duty. Swift announcement of RM10 million through the National Disaster Management Agency (NADMA) by the Prime Minister marked the salient sheer commitment and nation��s empathy.

If Malaysia Day is to remain meaningful, it must be reclaimed as more than a ceremonial holiday. It must serve as a call to action to strengthen disaster preparedness, to invest in resilient infrastructure, and to ensure that no community is left behind. Policymakers must take the lessons from Sabah��s recent tragedy seriously, addressing the systemic causes of vulnerability. Civil society must demand accountability and transparency in disaster management. Ordinary Malaysians must extend solidarity, not only through words but through tangible support for affected communities. Blame is not to put under the label of climate change as climate change took place all due to human��s faults managing natural resources.

In Sabah��s floods and landslides, Malaysia��s conscience is once again being tested. How we respond to prevent future calamities will determine whether Malaysia Day remains a true celebration of an independent nation or merely an annual reminder of promises unfulfilled.

From Rainforests to Research Labs: Biotechnology Driving Sabah��s Bioeconomy

2025-07-04T02:52:45+08:00

Article by:

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zarina Amin Prof. Dr. Vijay Kumar

Biotechnology Research Institute,

�鶹��Ƶ

zamin@ums.edu.my

Sabah, located on the island of Borneo, is one of the most biodiverse regions in Southeast Asia, home to extraordinary ecosystems and unique genetic resources with immense scientific and biotechnological potential. Renowned as a global biodiversity hotspot, its rainforests, coral reefs and highland ecosystems shelter countless rare and endemic species.

Yet, Sabah's future may depend on more than just conserving its lush forests and rich marine environments; it lies in how the state studies, sustains and innovates from these natural assets.

Today, Sabah stands at a pivotal crossroads: to embrace biotechnology as a key pillar of sustainable development, or risk leaving its remarkable natural wealth underexplored and underutilized.

In a bold move toward economic diversification and sustainable development, the Sabah state government, through the Sabah Biodiversity Centre (SaBC), a department under the Chief Minister's Department launched the Sabah Biotechnology Action Blueprint 2024-2034 in June 2024.

This decade-long strategic plan positions Sabah as a future leader in the regional bioeconomy. The blueprint aims to harness biotechnology to address the state's unique environmental and socio-economic challenges.

With its exceptional biodiversity and abundant natural resources, Sabah is ideally placed to advance agricultural, marine and environmental biotechnology.

By fostering innovation in these key sectors, the blueprint seeks to develop high-value industries that improve local livelihoods, create skilled jobs and enhance Sabah's global competitiveness.

The blueprint aligns with global trends of leveraging science and innovation for sustainable growth, opening new avenues for job creation, investment and technological progress. It identifies five focus areas: industrial, healthcare, forestry, biotourism and agriculture; supported by five strategic thrusts to promote scientific advancement, economic diversification, community engagement and environmental sustainability.

Experts have cautioned that without targeted research investment, Sabah's biological wealth risks remaining untapped and vulnerable. In response, the blueprint prioritizes converting research into sustainable revenue streams, focusing on promising sectors such as functional foods, precision agriculture, sustainable aquaculture and natural product development. Aligned with the National Biotechnology Policy 2.0 (DBN 2.0) launched in September 2022, the blueprint leverages Sabah's vast biodiversity, indigenous knowledge and growing research capabilities.

As environmental concerns grow and the global focus shifts toward sustainability, the role of higher education institutions has never been more vital. At the core of this scientific push is �鶹��Ƶ (UMS), widely regarded as a central force in driving biotechnology research, biodiversity conservation and inclusive innovation.

Through a range of strategic grants, collaborative projects and strong institutional leadership, UMS is translating scientific discovery into real-world impact; anchoring Sabah's transition to a resilient, knowledge-driven bioeconomy.

UMS's biotechnology leadership is rooted in its Centres of Excellence (COE): the Biotechnology Research Institute (BRI), Borneo Marine Research Institute (BMRI), and the Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation (ITBC). These centres are pioneering efforts across terrestrial, microbial and marine biotechnology.

Their shared mission is to unlock the value of Sabah's extraordinary bio-resources for both industry development and environmental stewardship. UMS's work in microbial and plant biotechnology contributes to the development of high value bioproducts, while research on the genetic diversity and bioactivity of plant and marine species underpins conservation, agriculture and climate resilience efforts.

A testament to UMS's strength is its success in securing major research funding.

Between 2023 and 2024, UMS was awarded a total of RM18 million in external grants, including RM6.25 million under the Ministry of Higher Education's Translational Sustainability Programme. This grant supports targeted research in energy, agriculture, and environmental biotechnology, with a strong emphasis on local relevance and real-world application.

UMS��s involvement in the Petronas�CAcademia Collaboration Dialogue (PACD) further advances Sabah��s clean energy goals. In early 2024, UMS received RM5.75 million to support bioenergy research, particularly in microbial hydrogen production and biomass conversion. This initiative highlights the potential of Sabah's microbial resources in driving low-carbon, sustainable industrial development.

To support these efforts, UMS continues to upgrade its infrastructure. The Biotechnology Research Institute now houses a state-of-the-art High-End equipment facility, featuring Transmission and Scanning Electron Microscopes, a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) hyphenated system and a two-storey Class 3 Biosafety Laboratory for animal and human work as well as a dedicated Class 3 Transgenic Biosafety Laboratory for genetic modification research.

These tools and facilities are crucial for advanced innovations in molecular biology, natural product discovery and the characterization of bioactive compounds sourced from Sabah's rich ecosystems.

UMS's research programmes align closely with state and national development strategies such as the Sabah Maju Jaya roadmap and DBN 2.0. Through the SBAB, UMS is helping transform Sabah's biodiversity into a sustainable economic pillar while promoting ethical, community- focused research.

Collaboration is fundamental to UMS's approach. The university works closely with various government agencies, international institutions and local communities.?

Leading BRI researchers such as Prof. Dr. Michael Wong, Prof. Dr. Vijay Kumar, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mailin Misson and Dr. Nur Athirah Yusuf have advanced biotechnology for community wellbeing and regional growth. BRI's landmark contributions include decoding the MD2 pineapple genome, as well as genetic studies of endangered species such as the Sunda stink-badger, horseshoe crabs, staghorn corals, slipper orchids, proboscis monkeys and the indigenous peoples of Sabah.

In a landmark collaborative effort between SaBC and BRI in 2020, more than 1,000 bacterial strains were successfully isolated from marine and terrestrial conservation sites across Sabah.

Among these, over 70 species demonstrated significant industrial and medical potential, including the ability to produce valuable enzymes such as amylases and proteases, as well as antimicrobial compounds.

This initiative has strengthened UMS��s position not only as a leader in tropical genomics and conservation biotechnology, but also as a key contributor to industrial and healthcare biotechnology, which are core pillars of the state��s biotechnology blueprint.

Equally important is UMS's role in public education and awareness. Through the efforts of Yayasan Penyelidikan Antartika Sultan Mizan (YPASM) and Akademi Sains Malaysia (ASM) Fellows, UMS has delivered impactful outreach programmes to schoolchildren and rural communities.

These initiatives bring biotechnology education into classrooms and community halls, covering molecular biology, microbial diversity and environmental DNA.

��Sabah's biodiversity is a gateway to biotechnology,�� said Dr. Nur Athirah Yusuf. ��From tropical forests to polar regions, our research helps link local knowledge with global solutions and proves that science truly knows no boundaries.��

These workshops, demonstrations and science-based storytelling sessions are inspiring a new generation of Sabahans to see biotechnology as both accessible and meaningful, while fostering early interest in STEM and conservation careers.

Sustainability remains at the core of UMS's mission. The SBAB explicitly rejects extractive, externally driven models that have failed other biodiverse regions.

��Sabah has the potential to become a global model for biodiversity-driven innovation,�� said Prof. Dr. Clemente Wong, a molecular microbiologist and research pioneer. ��But success depends on sustained investment, not just in infrastructure, but in the people who make it happen.��

In conclusion, �鶹��Ƶ exemplifies how a university can serve as both a steward of biodiversity and a driver of bioeconomic transformation. Through its multidisciplinary research, strategic partnerships and grassroots engagement, UMS is building a future where science, society and sustainability converge.

Its work ensures that Sabah's natural heritage becomes a foundation for lasting innovation, opportunity and prosperity for generations to come.

Pengurusan Ancaman Zoonotik di Sabah: Mengapa Pendekatan ��One Health�� Semakin Penting

2025-06-06T07:20:16+08:00

Artikel oleh:?

Prof. Dr. Vijay Kumar & Prof. Madya Dr. Zarina Amin

Institut Penyelidikan Bioteknologi

�鶹��Ƶ

zamin@ums.edu.my

Borneo merupakan kawasan luas yang kaya dengan biodiversiti yang menakjubkan : hutan hujan yang subur, sungai sungai dan pelbagai hidupan liar yang telah sekian lama wujud bersama komuniti manusia. Namun, selaras dengan pembangunan pesat di Sabah, interaksi di antara manusia, ternakan dan hidupan liar semakin meningkat. Sekali gus ini meningkatkan risiko penyakit zoonotik, iaitu penyakit yang berpunca daripada patogen yang berpindah dari haiwan ke manusia.

Kejadian pandemik COVID-19 sekitar 2020 - 2022 telah meningkatkan aktiviti pemantauan biologi (biosurveillance) secara global pada skala yang lebih besar. Walaubagaimanapun, amalan langkah berjaga-jaga sebagai pengajaran daripada krisis tersebut telah mula dilupakan oleh ramai pihak. Di wilayah seperti Sabah, di mana interaksi manusia dan hidupan liar berlaku dengan sangat kerap, pemantauan biologi perlu dikekalkan sebagai keutamaan oleh jabatan-jabatan Kerajaan yang terlibat. Ini adalah kerana penularan penyakit berjangkit bukan sahaja mampu mengganggu kesihatan awam, tetapi seperti yang terlihat dari pandemik COVID-19, ia juga boleh memberikan impak negatif dan menjejaskan sektor pelancongan, pertanian serta usaha pemuliharaan biodiversiti.

Ancaman Penyakit Zoonotik yang Semakin Meningkat di Borneo

Di antara penyakit zoonotik yang paling banyak didokumentasikan di Borneo merupakan penyakit malaria Plasmodium knowlesi dari perumah asal monyet macaque yang disebar melalui nyamuk. Dengan peningkatan aktiviti komuniti luar bandar Sabah yang semakin banyak berkembang ke kawasan hutan dan sekitarnya, risiko pendedahan kepada monyet macaque sekali gus kepada penyakit ini turut meningkat. Lebih membimbangkan, sejak kebelakangan ini penyakit malaria zoonotik ini merekodkan jumlah kes tertinggi di negeri Sabah.

Selain malaria yang dibawa oleh monyet, burung kelawar di Sabah turut dikenal pasti sebagai pembawa pelbagai jenis koronavirus baru mirip SARS dan COVID-19. Penemuan ini menonjolkan risiko yang mungkin dihadapi pelancong dan penduduk tempatan yang mengunjungi gua -gua yang dihuni oleh burung kelawar.

Industri ternakan ayam di Sabah juga pernah berhadapan dengan wabak influenza burung patogenik tinggi (H5N1) pada tahun 2018. Virus ini merebak dengan cepat sehingga ribuan ayam terpaksa dihapuskan. Walaupun tiada kes jangkitan manusia dilaporkan, kehadiran antibodi terhadap virus tersebut di dalam kalangan individu tertentu mencadangkan kemungkinan wujudnya penularan zoonotik terdahulu.

Di Sarawak pula, penyakit anjing gila (rabies) setakat ini masih kekal sebagai penyumbang kepada hampir semua kes berkaitan di Malaysia. Memandangkan Sabah berkongsi sempadan dengan Sarawak, maka segala usaha vaksinasi serta aktiviti pemantauan penyakit berjangkit yang berterusan amat penting untuk mencegah penularan ��rabies�� di negeri ini.

Cabaran Baharu Kesihatan Haiwan

Penyakit yang menjejaskan ternakan dan hidupan liar turut menjadi perhatian. Penyakit ��Newcastle Disease �� dan Bronkitis Berjangkit telah menjejaskan industri ayam pedaging di Sabah, menjadikan vaksin sedia ada kurang berkesan. Walaupun ayam yang dijangkiti tidak secara langsung mengancam manusia, kemerosotan ternakan memberi kesan kepada keselamatan makanan dan pendapatan penternak.

Hidupan laut juga tidak terkecuali. Di Pulau Mabul dan perairan sekitarnya, semakin banyak penyu laut dilaporkan menghidap fibropapillomatosis �� sejenis penyakit yang disebabkan oleh virus herpes, yang menyebabkan ketumbuhan melemahkan dan memerlukan campur tangan manusia untuk kelangsungan hidup. Survelan kesihatan juga penting di kawasan perairan Sabah yang masih belum tercemar bagi melindungi spesies terancam ini.

Selain itu, Demam Babi Afrika (ASF) telah memusnahkan populasi babi liar dan ternakan di Sabah. Walaupun ASF tidak menjangkiti manusia, penyebarannya yang pantas dalam kalangan Sus barbatus (babi berjanggut) memberi impak besar dari segi ekologi dan ekonomi. Kehilangan haiwan ini boleh mengganggu ekosistem serta menjejaskan amalan memburu tradisional masyarakat peribumi.

Jangkitan Kuman dari Tanah Air dan Pembawa Tikus

Penyakit seperti melioidosis yang dibawa oleh bakteria patogenik Burkholderia pseudomallei, yang merebak di Sabah berupaya menjangkiti manusia serta hidupan liar termasuk orang utan dan monyet macaque. Ancaman lain yang berterusan ialah leptospirosis: sejenis jangkitan

bakteria yang merebak melalui air tercemar dan sering dibawa oleh tikus. Bakteria Bartonella yang berkaitan dengan tikus juga didapati sangat meluas di kawasan bandar di Borneo. Ancaman tersembunyi ini menekankan keperluan pemantauan alam sekitar secara berterusan.

Tingkah Laku Manusia dan Penularan Penyakit

Antara cabaran terbesar dalam pencegahan penularan wabak penyakit merupakan aktiviti manusia sendiri. Kegiatan pemburuan haiwan secara haram dan perdagangan hidupan liar masih berleluasa walaupun terdapat beberapa usaha penguatkuasaan yang dijalankan selain dari usaha-usaha pemuliharaan haiwan dari badan badan terlibat. Hidupan liar seperti tenggiling masih diperdagangkan secara senyap di pasar-pasar tempatan. Walaupun belum ada virus zoonotik yang dikenal pasti di dalam tenggiling di Sabah setakat ini, risiko penularan jangkitan penyakit tetap tinggi. Penguatkuasaan yang lebih tegas amat diperlukan untuk membendung aktiviti ini.

Melihat ke hadapan, projek-projek pembangunan luar bandar berskala besar sebagai contoh pembinaan ibu negara baharu Indonesia, Nusantara di Kalimantan Timur, dijangka mampu menggugat habitat hidupan liar secara besar-besaran. Di simpang itu peningkatan pembalakan, peluasan pertanian dan pembinaan empangan hidro dijangka mampu memburukkan konflik manusia-hidupan liar serta meningkatkan risiko penularan penyakit.

Langkah Ke Hadapan: Memperkukuh Biosurvelan One Health

Aktiviti pemantauan ��biosurveillance�� di Sabah pada waktu ini melibatkan pelbagai agensi kerajaan, institusi akademik serta organisasi pemuliharaan; walaubagaimanapun kekangan2 seperti dana yang terhad, peralatan usang dan kurang penyelarasan mampu menjejaskan kelancaran aktiviti pemantauan ini. Pendekatan One Health �� yang menggabungkan kesihatan manusia, haiwan dan alam sekitar �� perlu diperkukuh untuk mengatasi cabaran ini.

Sehubungan dengan itu, lima strategi utama telah dicadangkan:

Pemantauan Genomik dan Analitikal Kecerdasan Buatan (Artificial Intelligence):?Menggunakan penjujukan generasi baharu, pemantauan DNA persekitaran (eDNA) dan kecerdasan buatan untuk mengesan patogen baru.

Libat Urus dan Pendidikan Komuniti:?Memberi pendidikan kepada komuniti luar bandar dan masyarakat peribumi mengenai risiko zoonotik dan strategi pencegahan.

Penguatkuasaan Lebih? Tegas? terhadap? Pemburuan? Haram:?Mengukuhkan kerjasama antara agensi kerajaan dan NGO untuk membanteras perdagangan hidupan liar.
Dasar Guna Tanah Lestari:?Menggalakkan pembangunan berasaskan pemuliharaan bagi mengurangkan konflik manusia-hidupan liar.

Penyepaduan Dasar dan Peningkatan Pembiayaan:?Memastikan sumber tambahan untuk biosurvelan dan mengintegrasikan pendekatan One Health dalam dasar kebangsaan.

Penutup

Biodiversiti Sabah merupakan khazanah dunia, namun pada masa yang sama menjadi titik panas kepada kemunculan penyakit berjangkit baharu. Ketika aktiviti manusia terus mengubah landskap dan ekosistem, usaha biosurvelan proaktif dan pengukuhan pendekatan ��One Health�� amat diperlukan.

Kami menyeru penubuhan satu pasukan petugas antara disiplin yang merangkumi pakar kesihatan awam, pemuliharaan, virologi, teknologi AI dan pembuat dasar. Dengan menggabungkan kepakaran dan memanfaatkan teknologi terkini, Sabah boleh melindungi rakyatnya dan khazanah biodiversitinya untuk generasi akan datang.

Tough Decisions That Upset People �C The HR Challenges

2025-04-28T01:42:40+08:00

By Associate Professor Dr. Jakaria Dasan,?Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy,?�鶹��Ƶ

In every organization, tough decisions must be made at some point. These decisions are usually bold, strategic, and meant for the long term. However, if they seem sudden or confusing, they become unpopular. As the saying goes, ��a weapon can turn on its owner.��

Both corporations and governments experience this. It's known as a daring approach in the corporate world. However, it can result in losses if the market is misinterpreted. In politics, it can be risky; a kamikaze��s move in which one wrong move can lead to downfall.

In Human Resources (HR), such incidents have the power to alter team spirit, trust, and morale in human resources. These unpopular decisions are often known as restructuring. It brings changes that may cause worry or doubt among employees and the public. However, the choice should be given a fair shot if the modifications attract talented and charismatic individuals.

Understanding Unpopular Decisions in HR. This article looks at how tough decisions affect people in an organization, especially from an HR view. It explores how HR leaders can manage negative reactions and safeguard the culture of the organisation.

Restructuring: Strategy vs. Perception. Restructuring is frequently required for major decisions, such as employing new personnel, reorganising teams, or replacing leaders. To remain competitive, HR might view this as the best course of action. However, workers may believe: "Wrong person, wrong time." Staff feel shocked and trust may drop. If communication is poor, rumors spread. What HR sees as smart may feel like punishment to staff. What matters is how changes are made and how they are felt.

Leadership Lessons: Silent Impact. Consider this scenario: a beloved manager is replaced by a talented but unheard-of leader. It makes strategic sense because the company is looking for new talent. However, there is a significant emotional impact on the team. Faith in the former leader is replaced with mistrust and scepticism. The actual issue? Ineffective communication, or the worst a poor communication. The team was not prepared by management. Thus, the abrupt adjustment was painful and perplexing. The team might stay unstable for a while even if the transition is successful.

The True Price of Unpopular Choices. From an HR perspective, the harm manifests itself in more ways than just numbers. Firstly, low employee engagement: Confusion, mistrust, and even hatred result from a lack of explanation. Secondly, leadership credibility declines: Leaders appear self-centred in the absence of candid discussions. Thirdly, workplace culture suffers: Team ties are weakened by restructuring in the absence of common values. These issues might not be included in reports, but they will be discussed in meetings, office gossip, and watercooler conversation.

HR's Role in the Crisis. One aspect of HR's work is making unpopular decisions. However, the impact can be lessened by taking wise actions: 1. Don't be a surprise by telling the story early. Talk about the "why" before the "what." 2. Involve unofficial leaders: There are influencers on every team. Get their help as soon as possible. 3. Be ready for emotional responses: Denial, rage, or rejection can accompany even positive changes. Plan how to help staff cope.

When Care and Courage Collide. In human resources, we have to balance strategy with people's emotions. Not all decisions that are unpopular are bad. However, they can cause scars if done incorrectly. When made by the wrong person, in the wrong way, or at the wrong moment, even the best choice can backfire.
HR is responsible for managing emotions in addition to systems. When bold moves are needed, HR must translate logic into human stories. Because people remember how something happened, not just what happened.

About the Author:

Dr. Jakaria Dasan is an Associate Professor at the Faculty of Business, Economics, and Accountancy, �鶹��Ƶ (UMS). He specializes in Human Resource Management and has experience in both industry and university HR roles.

Adakah Tarif AS Terhadap Malaysia, Satu Ancaman atau Satu Panggilan Sedar?

2025-04-16T03:16:44+08:00

Artikel Oleh: Prof. Madya Dr. Caroline Geetha A/P B. Arokiadasan,?

Felo Penyelidik, Pusat Pembangunan dan Perancangan Ekonomi,

Fakulti Perniagaan, Ekonomi dan Perakaunan,?�鶹��Ƶ

Apabila Amerika Syarikat mengumumkan tarif baharu yang menyeluruh ke atas semua import, termasuk cukai sebanyak 24% ke atas barangan dari Malaysia, reaksi serta-merta di sini adalah kebimbangan. Lagipun, AS merupakan rakan dagang ketiga terbesar Malaysia.

Tetapi di sebalik ketakutan ini, terdapat persoalan yang lebih mendalam: adakah ini sekadar ancaman terhadap ekonomi kita atau satu panggilan sedar yang sudah lama tertangguh? AS membenarkan tarif baharu ini sebagai tindak balas terhadap amalan perdagangan yang tidak adil, dan Malaysia berada dalam radar atas pelbagai sebab.

Pertama sekali, Malaysia telah menjadi hab popular untuk penghantaran semula barangan dari China bagi mengelak tarif AS yang sedia ada. Beberapa syarikat China didapati menghantar produk mereka melalui Malaysia untuk mengelak duti. Walaupun tidak menyalahi undang-undang tempatan, amalan ini telah menimbulkan keraguan di Washington.

Selain itu, industri semikonduktor dan elektronik Malaysia yang sedang berkembang pesat menjadikan AS sebagai pelanggan terbesar dalam sektor ini. Pegawai AS bimbang bahawa eksport kita ke China dan peranan kita dalam rantaian bekalan global mungkin secara tidak langsung menyokong pesaing perdagangan mereka.

Tambahan pula, pasaran eksport Malaysia yang semakin berkembang dalam barangan elektrik dan elektronik memberikan persaingan ketara kepada pengeluar AS. Ini mencerminkan pengaruh Malaysia yang semakin meningkat dalam sektor-sektor yang secara tradisinya dikuasai oleh syarikat-syarikat Amerika.

Akhir sekali, isu berterusan berkaitan alam sekitar dan amalan buruh dalam industri minyak sawit. AS telah mengenakan sekatan dan tarif lebih tinggi ke atas eksport minyak sawit Malaysia kerana dakwaan pelanggaran hak asasi manusia dan kemusnahan alam sekitar.

Secara atas kertas, angka-angka kelihatan mengancam. Eksport Malaysia ke Amerika Syarikat, terutamanya dalam sektor bernilai tinggi seperti semikonduktor dan elektronik, kebanyakannya dipacu oleh pelaburan langsung asing (FDI) dan syarikat multinasional (MNC) yang beroperasi di negara ini, dan bukannya oleh syarikat milik penuh rakyat Malaysia.

Banyak produk teknologi tinggi ini dihasilkan oleh MNC dari AS, Jepun, Jerman dan Eropah yang telah menubuhkan pangkalan pembuatan di Malaysia. Syarikat seperti Intel, AMD, Texas Instruments dan Broadcom telah lama beroperasi di kawasan seperti Pulau Pinang dan Kulim, menjadikan Malaysia sebagai hab strategik untuk pengeluaran dan pemasangan bagi membekalkan rantaian nilai global mereka, termasuk pasaran AS.

Selain itu, usaha sama antara syarikat Malaysia dan rakan luar negara, khususnya dalam sektor elektronik, minyak sawit, getah, dan automotif, membolehkan syarikat tempatan naik dalam rantaian nilai dengan memanfaatkan teknologi dan akses pasaran asing.

Manakala syarikat milik penuh tempatan lebih dominan dalam komoditi seperti minyak sawit, sarung tangan getah, perabot dan produk makanan �C dengan syarikat seperti Top Glove, Hartalega, Sime Darby, dan pengeksport perabot dari Johor memainkan peranan utama. Syarikat-syarikat ini lebih terdedah kepada kejutan tarif kerana mereka kurang fleksibiliti geografi seperti MNC.

MNC tertarik ke Malaysia kerana kos pengeluaran yang rendah, tenaga kerja mahir, infrastruktur rantaian bekalan yang matang (terutamanya di Pulau Pinang dan Selangor), kestabilan politik dan insentif dari Lembaga Pembangunan Pelaburan Malaysia (MIDA).

Walau bagaimanapun, pelaksanaan tarif AS mungkin menyebabkan sesetengah syarikat ini menilai semula operasi mereka di Malaysia, mungkin memindahkan pengeluaran ke negara Asia Tenggara lain atau kembali ke AS. Sementara itu, pengeksport tempatan akan terus terkesan kerana pilihan untuk berpindah adalah terhad �C akhirnya menjejaskan peluang pekerjaan dan sumbangan KDNK Malaysia.

Ini mendedahkan isu lama bahawa Malaysia terlalu bergantung kepada FDI untuk merangsang eksport, pekerjaan, dan pertumbuhan. Walaupun FDI mencipta pekerjaan dan meningkatkan produktiviti, manfaatnya sering tidak kekal. Penyelidikan menunjukkan bahawa teknologi dan inovasi jarang tersebar ke seluruh ekonomi.

Walaupun FDI menyumbang kepada pertumbuhan produktiviti buruh, kesannya terhadap Produktiviti Faktor Menyeluruh (TFP) �C ukuran yang lebih baik untuk kecekapan dan penyebaran teknologi �C adalah terhad, terutamanya dalam sektor teknologi rendah dan sederhana. Kesan limpahan bernilai tinggi kebanyakannya tertumpu kepada kelompok tertentu seperti sektor E&E di Pulau Pinang.

Pemindahan teknologi dan kepakaran pengurusan juga cetek, kerana kebanyakan MNC menyimpan fungsi R&D dan inovasi di negara asal mereka, menjadikan Malaysia sebagai lokasi pemasangan berteknologi sederhana.

Keadaan ini diburukkan oleh amalan harga pindahan yang menghakis asas cukai Malaysia. Keuntungan sering dihantar pulang. R&D kekal di luar negara. Malaysia melakukan kerja��tetapi orang lain mendapat manfaat. Ini mewujudkan defisit dalam akaun semasa imbangan pembayaran, akhirnya mengurangkan rizab asing dan melemahkan Ringgit.

Dari sudut hak asasi manusia dan alam sekitar, MNC sering memindahkan industri pencemar ke negara membangun seperti Malaysia, memanfaatkan peraturan buruh dan alam sekitar yang lebih lemah, hanya untuk kemudian mengenakan halangan ESG ke atas eksport Malaysia, mewujudkan padang permainan global yang tidak seimbang.

Dalam konteks ini, daripada takutkan tarif AS, Malaysia sepatutnya melihatnya sebagai peluang strategik untuk menilai semula kebergantungan terhadap FDI. Memang mudah untuk melihat tarif ini sebagai hukuman semata-mata. Tetapi terdapat permainan ekonomi yang lebih besar sedang berlangsung.

Alat ekonomi digunakan untuk membentuk pakatan, mengawal teknologi, dan melindungi industri strategik. Jika Malaysia terlalu bergantung kepada satu atau dua pasaran besar, kita menjadi sasaran mudah dalam permainan ini.

Oleh itu, kita mesti mempelbagaikan hubungan perdagangan, memperdalamkan hubungan dalam ASEAN, mengukuhkan perjanjian seperti RCEP dan meneroka pasaran baharu di Afrika, Timur Tengah dan Amerika Latin.

Daripada terus mengejar FDI tanpa syarat, Malaysia boleh menggunakan detik ini untuk mengukuhkan kekuatan dari dalam. Kerajaan boleh memberi tumpuan kepada memperkasakan perusahaan kecil dan sederhana (PKS), terutamanya dalam sektor teknologi dan lestari.

Daripada hanya memasang komponen untuk pihak lain, kita boleh mula membina jenama kita sendiri. Kita juga harus melabur dalam keselamatan makanan dan tenaga, mengurangkan kebergantungan kepada import barangan asas seperti beras, daging, bawang, dan bahan api. Membangunkan teknologi pertanian dan memperluas tenaga boleh diperbaharui bukan sahaja mengurangkan kelemahan tetapi juga mencipta sektor pertumbuhan baharu.

Mereformasi sistem pendidikan juga satu langkah penting. Sistem yang menggalakkan kreativiti, keusahawanan dan penyelidikan �C bukan hanya pembelajaran hafalan �C boleh melahirkan generasi yang bersedia untuk pekerjaan bernilai tinggi dalam teknologi hijau, bioteknologi, dan kecerdasan buatan. Sudah tiba masanya kita beralih daripada sekadar menghasilkan pekerja kepada melahirkan pencipta.

Pada masa yang sama, kita mesti memenuhi jangkaan antarabangsa. Ini bermakna memperbaiki amalan buruh di ladang kita, menguatkuasakan perlindungan alam sekitar, dan menyelaraskan industri kita dengan piawaian ESG (Persekitaran, Sosial dan Tadbir Urus). Ini bukan sekadar untuk memuaskan pihak luar �C ini mengenai membina ekonomi yang adil, lestari dan dihormati di peringkat global.

Malaysia berada di persimpangan. Kita boleh menolak perubahan, atau kita boleh mengambil peluang ini untuk membina sesuatu yang lebih baik. Ekonomi yang lebih berdaya tahan, inklusif dan lestari �C yang lebih menekankan maruah negara berbanding memenuhi kehendak kuasa besar. Daripada takut kepada tarif, kita boleh melihatnya sebagai isyarat. Isyarat bahawa sudah tiba masanya untuk kita melabur dalam diri sendiri.

Reassessing the Sultanate of Sulu��s Renewed Claim to Sabah: A Preliminary Rebuttal

2025-04-08T08:36:47+08:00

By:?Marja Azlima Omar,?Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, �鶹��Ƶ

In April 2025, the Sultanate of Sulu announced its intention to invoke a series of historic treaties, including a 15th-century tributary pact with China and the 1915 Carpenter-Kiram Agreement, as the basis for a $25 billion territorial and damages claim against Malaysia concerning Sabah.

This latest claim undeniably introduces a complex interplay of modern international law, cultural diplomacy and historical legacy.

Thus, this short write-up evaluates the legitimacy of these claims through the perspective of international law, focusing on treaty interpretation, the principle of effective control, and contemporary standards of sovereignty.

Since the Sultanate aims to revive its historical status and sovereignty claims by invoking ancient treaties and fostering alliances among Mindanao Sultanates, such a claim warrants examination of their legitimacy in light of international legal standards and historical accuracy.

By examining the intersection of historical agreements and modern legal frameworks, the brief analysis highlights the symbolic nature of the Sultanate��s position and the disconnect between ancestral narratives and current mechanisms for resolving territorial disputes.

First and foremost, it is essential to note that central to the Sultanate��s argument is the 1405 agreement with the Ming Dynasty. In the said argument, the Sulu Sultanate is presented as evidence of its status as an ��independent tributary state.��

While tributary relations were a diplomatic norm in Imperial China, their existence then lacked the sovereign equivalency implied by modern treaty systems.

Instead, those relationships were hierarchical and ritualistic, intended to maintain harmony and commerce rather than establish enforceable rights or territorial claims. Although Chinese President Xi Jinping acknowledged this relationship during the 600th anniversary of the death of the East King of Sulu in 2017, such recognition is merely symbolic in the absence of legal recognition.

It does not equate to legal endorsement of territorial rights under contemporary international law frameworks.

?In other words, the 1405 China-Sulu relationship remains largely as diplomatic symbolism rather than a pursuit of legal sovereignty.

It is also pertinent to note that the Carpenter-Kiram Agreement marked a pivotal shift in the Sultanate��s role, transitioning from a temporal authority to a religious and cultural institution under American colonial protection.

This means that the 1915 Carpenter-Kiram Treaty was nothing more than a colonial transitional arrangement.

While the Sultan retained ceremonial influence, the sovereignty and administrative power were, however, transferred to the United States.

The agreement does not recognise any enforceable territorial claim over Sabah. Notably, the treaty did not include Sabah, which by then was already under the administrative control of the British North Borneo Company.

?The treaty serves as a historical document of imperial consolidation rather than a legal basis for contemporary territorial claims.

The basis of the Sultanate��s renewed claim also emphasises the interconnectedness between sovereignty, effective control and self-determination.

A seminal principle in international law is effective control, and in this regard, Malaysia has administered Sabah continuously since its formation in 1963.

This de facto governance is reinforced by the people of Sabah��s participation in the Malaysian federation through a referendum.

The involvement in question solidifies its sovereignty over the territory.

Since its inception, the United Nations Charter and subsequent resolutions of the General Assembly have consistently and continuously supported the right to self-determination.

The people of Sabah had clearly exercised this right, and their decision to join Malaysia carries substantial legal weight in comparison to historical claims by external entities. The latter claim falls short of modern international law��s jurisdiction or authority.

?Lastly, one must also set the record straight by insisting that the recent unity covenant of the Mindanao Sultanates was, in fact, a cultural revival, not a legal instrument with binding implications.

The Covenant signed by the Sultanates of Sulu, Maguindanao, and the Rajanate of Buayan reflects a pertinent cultural and historical solidarity among Mindanao��s traditional leaders.

While it may carry sociopolitical significance within particular communities, such agreements are not legally binding in international law unless recognised by sovereign states or treaty-based institutions such as the United Nations.

The revival of these royal networks, while notable for heritage preservation, cannot substitute for state-based diplomacy or legal standing at the United Nations or the International Court of Justice.

In sum, the renewed Sultanate of Sulu��s assertion of territorial rights over Sabah was based on pre-colonial and early 20th-century treaties.

Nonetheless, the treaties lack sufficient grounding in modern international law.

The treaties cited either carry symbolic or obsolete colonial implications that do not translate into current legal authority.

In contrast, Malaysia��s longstanding administration of Sabah and the region��s exercise of self-determination represent stronger legal foundations under international norms. Any credible effort to revisit or resolve the Sabah question must engage with contemporary legal mechanisms and geopolitical frameworks rather than relying on antiquated claims rooted in lost sovereignty.

This article presents an academic argument by Marja Azlima Omar a senior lecturer affiliated with the International Relations Programme at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, UMS. She obtained her first law degree (LL.B.) and Master��s in International Trade Law (LL.M.) from the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom. Over the past few years, she has taught several core courses, including Public International Law, Global Environmental Politics, and Asia and International Trade. She has also published several articles in various academic journals as well as co-authored and co-edited a few books. Among others is ��Sabah Priority Issues: Setting the Course for Change,�� published in 2010. Her recent publications include a book chapter, ��Establishing Animus Occupandi for Effective Occupation of Pulau Layang-Layang: Analysis of Past Decided Cases�� (2024), and ��Empowering Youth: Education for Economic Disadvantage in Sabah, Malaysia�� (2025). Her research interests lie in areas concerning Malaysia and issues in international Law and international relations. She is also interested in Sabah��s environmental and developmental problems, as well as indigenous land rights and native title. She can be contacted via email mazlima@ums.edu.my.

Exploring Japanese Early Childhood Education: Lessons from an Educational Visit

2025-02-03T09:37:45+08:00

Author: Dr Connie Shin @ Connie Cassy Ompok

Faculty of Education and Sports Sciences, University Malaysia Sabah

INTRODUCTION

This article begins with an account of how I discovered my academic voice, emphasizing the importance of teaching children through culture, play, and active parental involvement. Observing children at play reveals qualities that can endure into adulthood. From the "nurture" perspective, it is crucial to cultivate positive attitudes and attributes in young individuals to help them grow into well-rounded adults. Childhood experiences and upbringing significantly influence one's adult life. Therefore, the formative years are the ideal time to foster a sense of unity and shared values.

Young individuals engage in activities that facilitate cross-cultural connections. Guidance may come from parents or older individuals, and children may form a diverse network of acquaintances across different age groups. Given the critical role early childhood education plays in unlocking children's potential and preparing them to face future challenges, ongoing efforts to improve its quality are essential. This study provides insights and reflections gained from an educational visit to Japan.

The National Standard Preschool Curriculum (NSPC) serves as a guideline for all prescho

ols, promoting balanced and holistic development in alignment with the National Education Philosophy (Ministry of Education, 2017). The curriculum focuses on six key components: communication, spirituality and moral values, humanity, self-development, physical and aesthetic development, and science and technology. These components are designed to cultivate critical and creative thinking, moral values, and innovation, ensuring that Malaysia's preschool education system prepares children to meet the country's future workforce demands, as outlined in the Malaysian Education Blueprint (2013�C2025).

The Malaysian government has increasingly prioritized quality control in preschool education, recognizing that a strong early start significantly contributes to children's long-term cognitive and social development, which, in turn, supports the nation's economic progress. Consequently, early childhood education (ECE) has become a central focus for improving educational outcomes. In recent years, research on early childhood education in Malaysia has primarily concentrated on enhancing the curriculum and learning environment.

In Malaysia, preschool education aims to provide learning experiences for children aged four to six years, nurturing their potential across all aspects of development, equipping them with basic skills, and fostering positive attitudes in preparation for primary school. However, the involvement of family and community in a child��s education remains underdeveloped. Research shows that family interaction, peer relationships, and the socio-economic and cultural environment significantly influence a child's overall well-being and development (Ismail et al., 2018; Majzub & Rashid, 2012). These factors are often overlooked when the focus is solely on academic achievement.

Japanese early childhood education (ECE) is marked by a comprehensive approach that emphasizes the integrated development of children��s cognitive, social, emotional, and physical abilities. The focus on play-centered education is a fundamental aspect of this system, in which children participate in both organized and free activities that promote creativity, collaboration, and problem-solving (Akita, 2010; Lewis, 1995). Teaching and learning activities are often shaped by philosophy and belief, integrating diverse cultural and religious influences. These approaches emphasize harmony, a connection with nature, and an understanding of the impermanence of all things.

Hands-on lessons play a crucial role in imparting valuable life skills and fostering positive habits in children. Learning these foundational skills at an early age is vital, as it prepares children for future responsibilities while promoting good habits, such as tidiness and organization. Early education in these areas not only supports personal growth but also lays the groundwork for a disciplined and well-rounded adulthood. During free play, children are encouraged to interact with their peers, fostering social connections and collaboration. This approach emphasizes building relationships and developing interpersonal skills, rather than encouraging solitary play, to promote a sense of community and mutual understanding among children.

To name a few, cultural traits of a country certainly influence the way education policies are formulated. Precision in daily activities has become a key aspect of life. The country's educational priorities are shaped by the drive to excel, with cultural values playing an important role. For instance, it is often said that the Japanese "eat with their eyes," as food is prepared neatly and attractively. Cleanliness and creativity within the community are highly valued. Perhaps the education system reflects the essence of the country��s psyche and culture, incorporating these values into its approach.

This uniqueness is reflected in the activities conducted throughout the year. Here are a few examples:

Community involvement in Japan is deeply embedded in the culture, with a strong emphasis on collective responsibility, cooperation, and mutual support.

Japanese girls Akari and Satsuki, dressed in traditional attire, visit a shrine in Tokyo for the Shichi-Go-San festival. Held annually on November 15, this festival celebrates the growth and well-being of young children, marking an important cultural milestone in Japan.

Madam Toh Keiko always spends time exercising up the hill with her grandchildren, enjoying both the physical activity and the opportunity to bond with them. The hill, surrounded by lush greenery, offers a peaceful escape from the hustle and bustle of everyday life. As they climb, she encourages her grandchildren to appreciate the beauty of nature, teaching them valuable lessons about perseverance and the importance of staying active. The shared experience not only strengthens their physical health but also deepens their connection, creating lasting memories of quality time together.

Madam Toh Keiko always spends time reading storybooks to her grandchildren, creating a warm and nurturing atmosphere in their home. As they gather around, she brings the stories to life with her expressive voice, capturing their imaginations and sparking their love for reading. Whether it��s a fairytale or a story about adventure, her grandchildren eagerly listen, asking questions and engaging with the characters.

Lead a life closely connected to nature, and take time to appreciate its grandeur, beauty, and wonder. Engage with the world around you, exploring the various elements of life and developing a deep curiosity about their nature and organization. Cultivate an awareness of the intricate balance that exists in the natural world.

Acknowledge the importance of all life forms by fostering a sense of respect and appreciation. Take the time to observe and learn about the animals and plants living in your surrounding environment, allowing these interactions to deepen your understanding of the interconnectedness of life. Through this connection, you not only develop a greater appreciation for nature but also nurture a sense of responsibility toward preserving and protecting it.

Familiarity with culture and tradition is essential to nurture awareness of the connection between society and international understanding. The cultural traits of a country certainly influence the way education policies are formulated. Precision in daily activities has become an important value, influencing the way tasks are carried out. National educational priorities in Malaysia are driven by the need for excellence, and cultural elements play a significant role in shaping these priorities.

Despite the growing recognition of the importance of ECCEs, several challenges persist within Malaysia��s preschool education system. Parental engagement remains a critical issue, with studies showing that limited involvement��due to language barriers or a lack of awareness, thus hinders the effectiveness of multicultural education. Parental involvement and community support are crucial for a child's early learning, and without them, ECCE programs struggle to reach their full potential.

Fostering the value of respect for tradition and culture, as well as love for one��s country and regions is essential. Equally important is instilling respect for other countries and a desire to contribute to world peace and the development of the international community. Given the significance of early childhood education as the foundation for lifelong development, it plays a crucial role in shaping individuals who will contribute positively to the global community.

Considering the importance of early childhood education as the foundation for the lifelong formation of one��s character. Abdullah's (2023) study explored the character development of preschool-aged children, highlighting a positive shift towards a scholarly focus on the humanity aspects of early childhood education.? Early education plays a crucial role in building children's potential and preparing them for future challenges, and efforts to enhance its quality must continue. In future, Children must also be equipped with the foundation necessary to become creators of a of a sustainable society while working toward the goals and objectives of such education.

This can be achieved by encouraging each child to recognize their inherent goodness and potential, respect others as worthy individuals, collaborate with diverse people, overcome various social changes, and pave the way for a fulfilling future. Promoting voluntary activities and allowing children to lead a life that reflects their developmental needs��based on the idea that young children utilize experiences essential to their growth��can help them fully demonstrate their abilities in an emotionally stable environment.

In providing comprehensive instruction through play as a spontaneous activity of children in close cooperation with families while looking at the connection with post-elementary school education and life-long learning. Traditional games, in particular, hold significant value as they engage children in activities that promote social interaction, problem-solving, and cultural understanding, further enriching their developmental experiences.

Education during early childhood is crucial in cultivating a foundation for lifelong character development. Teachers must strive to build a relationship of trust with young children and create a positive educational environment in collaboration with them. This can be comprehensively achieved through play-centered instruction, considering that play��a spontaneous activity for children is an essential aspect of learning. Play helps cultivate a balanced development of both physical and mental aspects.

To encourage children to look forward to and stay motivated for future activities, it is important to help them gain perspective on and reflect upon their play and daily life experiences. Teachers should actively foster children's voluntary activities through various approaches, empowering them to take initiative and engage with their surroundings. Additionally, supporting early childhood education both at home and within the community is crucial to enriching children's overall lives. By strengthening these efforts, children's development can be enhanced in a holistic way, ensuring they are well-prepared for future challenges.

Given the close interrelationship between mental and physical health, teachers should promote the flexible development of both the body and mind in children. This approach allows children to experience a sense of self-awareness and fulfillment, which is fostered through warm relationships with teachers and peers. Teachers should encourage children to build the ability to relate to others in a group, where each individual is valued.

In doing so, teachers should help children act with confidence, showcasing their abilities within the group. This process involves recognizing their own unique characteristics and positive qualities, while also receiving affirmation from teachers and friends. Such interactions support the development of a healthy sense of self and social connection, both of which are vital for a child's overall well-being.

In conclusion, childhood and the experiences we have during our formative years play a defining role in shaping our adult lives. When it comes to unity, the most influential period is during these early years. Young people engage in activities that foster cross-cultural interactions, and depending on their age, they may be guided by parents or older individuals while forming friendships within a multi-racial community. Let us work together to build a beautiful, united Malaysia.

The author would like to thank Madam Toh Keiko (�� ��), from Kasuga City, Fukuoka Prefecture (��h��), for sharing photos of how she raises her two beautiful grandchildren.

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