Article By:

Azizan?H Morshidi

Senior Lecturer,?Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities &?Researcher of GEOPES Team

azizanm@ums.edu.my?

?

The Bernama feature ¡°As AI Rushes In, Malaysia Races to Save Jobs, Human Connection¡± offers a compelling overview of how rapid automation is reshaping work and society at the national level. Its warning that up to 92 percent of clerical and administrative positions are vulnerable to generative AI captures the scale of potential disruption, while its case study of a major bank¡¯s misstep with a voice-bot underscores the perils of displacing human judgment. Applied to Sabah¡¯s imminent 17th State Election, these lessons resonate deeply: the same technologies that threaten routine jobs also possess the power to either fortify or fracture democratic engagement, depending on how stakeholders choose to deploy them.

?

Sabah¡¯s economy and public administration are still heavily reliant on manual processes and in-person interactions. Many district offices use paper-based record-keeping, and intermittent broadband coverage in rural areas has slowed digital uptake. While this infrastructural lag might temporarily shield local workers from wholesale automation of clerical tasks, it also cements a growing digital divide. In urban centres like Kota Kinabalu and Sandakan, private-sector employers are already experimenting with AI chatbots for customer service, yet these systems often falter when confronted even with popular Sabahan dialects such as Kadazandusun or Bajau. The bank example from the Bernama article is instructive: without investing in nuanced language models and human oversight, automated interfaces frustrate users and erode trust, an outcome equally damaging during an election when citizens seek clear communication from both government agencies and political candidates.

?

Beyond the risk of job displacement, AI-driven manipulation presents an acute threat to the integrity of PRN17. Deepfake videos have surfaced on messaging apps, falsely depicting infrastructure projects in Sabah as non-functional, thereby inflaming public frustration over supply disruptions. Social-media algorithms, by curating content based on previous interactions, can inadvertently confine young voters to politically homogeneous echo chambers. This echo-chamber effect magnifies sensationalist

claims¡ªwhether about infrastructure failures or exaggerated manifestos, while muting fact-based discourse. In an election where youth turnout could tip the balance, such distortions risk alienating first-time voters or, worse, swaying them on the basis of fabricated evidence.

?

Yet the Bernama analysis did more than highlight perils; it outlined a blueprint for human-centred automation that Sabahan stakeholders may embrace. AI should be leveraged to amplify human strengths, contextual judgment, empathy, cultural knowledge, rather than replace them. For instance, predictive-analytics tools can help state engineers forecast drought risks and optimize water allocation, but human technicians are indispensable for interpreting sensor data in light of local terrain and community needs. Similarly, natural-language processing can translate election guidelines into Sabahan dialects, widening civic participation, but human moderators must verify translations to prevent misunderstanding.

?

The urgency of upskilling cannot be overstated. Young Sabahan voters are digitally savvy, often consuming political news and campaign materials online. However, their media-literacy skills, particularly the ability to distinguish deepfakes from authentic footage, remain underdeveloped. If Sabah¡¯s youth are to become true stewards of democracy instead of passive data consumers, the state education system must integrate digital-citizenship modules that cover AI ethics, fact-checking techniques, and the science behind algorithmic recommendations. Community colleges and religious study centres in Tawau, Beaufort, and the Interior should host practical workshops where participants examine manipulated media, learn to use open-source verification tools, and discuss the civic implications of unchecked misinformation.

?

Small and medium enterprises in Sabah are another focal point. Many shopkeepers and agribusiness operators still rely on cash transactions and manual ledgers. Bernama¡¯s survey of nationwide corporate hesitancy, rooted in cost concerns, technical inexperience, and fear of complex deployment, mirrors reality here. To prevent Sabah¡¯s SMEs from falling irreversibly behind, the state government, in partnership with industry associations, must roll out mobile AI-literacy labs. These units would travel to remote communities, offering hands-on training in basic AI tools for inventory management, customer-relationship tracking, and crop forecasting. By bundling these sessions with micro-financing advice, Sabah can stimulate grassroots innovation while building resilience against both economic and informational shocks.

?

Regulators and digital-platform operators bear a shared responsibility to protect election integrity. The federal election commission¡¯s recent collaboration with social-media companies to take down false election-date posters sets a positive precedent. In Sabah, this effort must be expanded: local research centres and university laboratories should install AI-powered monitoring systems that flag suspicious content in real time. These systems can identify coordinated inauthentic behaviour such as multiple accounts posting the same deepfake, while human analysts evaluate context and escalate confirmed threats. Simultaneously, regulators need to develop clear guidelines on political advertising algorithms, mandating transparency in how campaign messages are targeted to specific demographic groups.

?

Political parties and candidates themselves have an opportunity to set a higher standard for digital campaigning in PRN17. A public©\pledge initiative could require each candidate to commit to zero tolerance for AI-generated misinformation and to disclose any use of automated tools in their outreach. Those candidates who harness AI for legitimate innovation such as localized chatbots that answer voter queries on polling logistics or automated platforms that gather constituent feedback on infrastructure priorities, should be recognized and celebrated. Embedding responsible-AI clauses in party manifestos will not only build public trust but also signal to voters that tomorrow¡¯s leadership values both technological progress and ethical restraint.

?

Civil society organizations, from youth councils to interfaith coalitions, have a vital role in bridging divides through technology. Sabah¡¯s communal rice-planting ceremonies and traditional handicraft workshops exemplify the state¡¯s cultural richness, networks of reciprocity and trust that must be preserved in the digital realm. Public hackathons can channel this communal spirit by inviting Sabahan teams to co-create AI applications that promote tourism, streamline fishery supply chains, or map rural heritage sites. These events do more than generate code: they foster inter-ethnic collaboration and surface solutions grounded in lived experience, ensuring that AI supports inclusive prosperity rather than exacerbating inequality.

?

For Sabah¡¯s youth, the stakes could not be higher. As PRN17 approaches on the heels of Malaysia Day 2025, a moment to celebrate national unity and collective advancement, young voters stand at the crossroads of technology and democracy. They can either succumb to manipulated narratives that breed cynicism or rise as digital champions who demand transparent governance and equitable development. Cultivating this second path requires sustained mentorship from university innovators, local entrepreneurs, and civil-society mentors who can model ethical use of AI in campaign strategy and public service delivery.

?

By weaving together these elements, human-centred automation, targeted upskilling, robust regulation, ethical campaigning, and community-driven innovation, Sabah can embody the Bernama article¡¯s core thesis: that technology¡¯s true promise lies not in supplanting human connection but in magnifying it. The state¡¯s unique linguistic diversity, patchwork of rural and urban communities, and vibrant youth culture give it a comparative advantage: a living laboratory for demonstrating how AI, guided by cultural nuance and democratic principles, can accelerate shared prosperity.

?

As voters head to the polls for PRN17, they are not merely casting ballots on infrastructure plans or party platforms; they are choosing how Sabah will navigate the 21st-century challenges of automation, misinformation, and digital inclusion. The Bernama analysis, when adapted to this context, offers both a sobering caution and an inspiring roadmap. It is now up to Sabah¡¯s citizens, leaders, educators, and entrepreneurs to decide whether AI will become a wedge that divides or a bridge that unites, whether our island state will emerge fragmented by technocratic fear or strengthened by a collective commitment to human dignity and mutual progress. In the balance lies not only the outcome of an election but the future shape of democracy and opportunity in East Malaysia.

Article By:

Azizan bin Morshidi

Senior Lecturer,?Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities &?Researcher of GEOPES Team

azizanm@ums.edu.my

?

The approaching 17th State Election (PRN17) in Sabah represents not only a traditional political contest but also a critical test for the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) within the local democratic landscape. The year 2024 has been marked by a significant number of electoral processes worldwide, engaging nearly half of the global population and heightening the demand for accurate and reliable information. In this context, AI emerges as a dual-purpose tool¡ªcapable of enhancing electoral efficiency while simultaneously introducing risks of misinformation and manipulation.

?

The Potential of AI in Strengthening Democracy

?

AI offers significant opportunities to improve transparency and participation in elections. The Election Commission of Malaysia (EC) has the potential to utilise AI for disseminating personalised electoral information, including voting reminders in multiple languages and logistical details. This technology could also assist in monitoring voter turnout and managing electoral data more efficiently.

Such initiatives align with the nation's digital aspirations under the Malaysia Madani framework and the MyDIGITAL Blueprint, which aim to transform public services through digitalisation. The Government launched the National Artificial Intelligence Framework in 2023 to guide the ethical use of AI in both public and private sectors. In Sabah, the state government has demonstrated commitment to digital transformation through the Sabah Maju Jaya development plan, though the specific implementation of AI in public interest management remains at an early stage.

?

Risks and Challenges of AI in Democracy

?

However, the use of AI in elections is not without risks. The spread of false information and synthetic content such as deepfakes has become a global concern, including in Malaysia. According to the World Economic Forum¡¯s Global Risks Report 2024, misinformation and disinformation are among the most severe short-term risks facing societies worldwide.

At the local level, the Chief Minister of Sabah, Datuk Seri Panglima Hajiji Noor, has expressed concerns about the misuse of social media and technology to spread political defamation. This issue is particularly relevant given Sabah¡¯s unique linguistic and socio-cultural diversity, which may influence how information is disseminated and perceived. Sabah's strategic launch of the Gamuda AI Academy at the Sabah State Library could emerge as a commendable initiative for approaching the 17th State Election (PRN17), directly addressing the rising threats of AI-generated misinformation and deepfakes that may have already impacted the electoral landscape. Deputy Chief Minister Datuk Ir Shahelmey Yahya as criticizing the irresponsible use of AI technology to create defamatory videos against the government, warning that such actions risk tarnishing Sabah¡¯s reputation. Thus, this initiative represents a proactive defence of democratic integrity by turning youth into frontline defenders of accurate information.

As throngs of new Undi18 voters increasingly rely on social media for political content, issue such as algorithmic literacy and digital verification shall be, empowering future voters to safeguard election transparency. By integrating AI education with Sabah's Sabah Maju Jaya agenda, this collaboration between government, private sectors, and AI giants ensures local talent drives ethical AI adoption in public services, land management, and electoral processes¡ªproving that in the age of synthetic media, Sabah is building not just technical skills, but democratic resilience from within.

On the same note, for Sabah to harness the transformative potential of AI without falling prey to its perils, the state must first overcome a foundational digital challenge. The ambitious goals of digital literacy programs, ethical AI governance, and collaborative monitoring of misinformation will remain futile if basic public infrastructure remains critically inadequate. Without highly improved electricity supply, paved road networks, consistent water access, and, most urgently, stable and reliable 5G internet connectivity, Sabah risks entrenching a damaging new form of inequality namely, algorithmic exclusion. AI development depends on seamless data flow, continuous power, and widespread connectivity; without these, the state will not only lag in technological adoption but also remain acutely vulnerable to AI-driven disinformation and manipulation. If Sabah is to truly serve as a model for AI-integrated democracy rather than a cautionary tale, it must first bridge the infrastructural chasm that threatens to leave its people behind, once again, in the nation¡¯s march toward progress.

?

Striking a Balance: The Path Forward

?

The start of second half of 2025 has witnessed social upheavals abroad partly caused by disinformation. These incidents serve as a sobering cautionary tale for the world, demonstrating that without robust digital infrastructure and pre-emptive safeguards, the same algorithms that promise progress can also be weaponized to exploit societal fractures and trigger real-world instability. Addressing these challenges requires proactive measures. Enhancing digital literacy is essential, necessitating collaboration between the EC, government agencies such as the Ministry of Communications, the Department of Information, Royal Military Police and local universities to raise public awareness on identifying false information.

Strengthening the existing regulatory framework under the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC) and the Official Secrets Act is also crucial to addressing digital threats, in line with the National AI Framework¡¯s emphasis on ethics and governance.

Close collaboration with social media platforms such as Meta, TikTok, and X (formerly Twitter) is needed to monitor and address detrimental content, following precedents set by the general elections abroad.

Furthermore, developing localised research on the impact of AI on democracy in Malaysia, particularly in Sabah, is vital to understanding and addressing context-specific socio-cultural factors.

PRN17 in Sabah provides an important testing ground for the integration of AI into Malaysian democracy. While AI holds promise for improving efficiency and access to information, it also carries risks of manipulation and inequity that must be proactively addressed. A cautious and collaborative approach among all stakeholders is essential to ensure that this technology strengthens rather than undermines the democratic process in Sabah and Malaysia as a whole.

?

?

By:?Marja Azlima Omar,?Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Â鶹ÊÓƵ

?

On September 16, Malaysia marks its National Day of Unity, the day that we celebrate as ¡°Malaysia Day¡± This date, etched in our collective memory since 1963, symbolises not only the moment of federation but also the promise of a shared destiny between Malaya, Sabah, and Sarawak. Each year, Malaysians are reminded of the ideals of integration often coined as unity in diversity, respect for difference, and strength in togetherness. For many, Malaysia Day is a time of parades, cultural performances, and proud reflections on the nation¡¯s achievements.

Yet, this year, in Sabah, the occasion is shadowed by grief. Just days before the 68th commemoration of Malaysia Day, floods and landslides devastated several communities across the state. Families lost their homes, livelihoods were swept away, and most tragically, lives were lost. At the time of writing, 13 were confirmed dead due to landslides at four villages in Papar, Penampang and Kolombong. Indeed, what was supposed to be a day of celebration has become a moment of mourning and reflection. One cannot help but ponder pertinent lingering question i. e. after nearly seven decades of nationhood, is this truly the kind of freedom and unity we celebrate?

Floods and landslides are not new to Sabah and a few other states such as Kelantan, Terengganu and Pahang. Each monsoon season, communities brace themselves for the worst, often with immediate limited resources or support. The intensity of recent events, however, underscores a troubling reality: these disasters are not entirely natural. They are exacerbated by human actions and systemic failures. Poor urban planning, deforestation, inadequate drainage systems, and weak disaster preparedness all converge to turn heavy rain into humanitarian crises.

As Malaysians, we must confront the uncomfortable truth that such tragedies are, to a large extent, preventable. They are not simply ¡°acts of God¡± to be accepted passively. They reveal shortcomings in governance, infrastructure, and long-term planning. The symbolism of Malaysia Day becomes stark when placed against this backdrop. What value does freedom hold if citizens cannot be safe in their own homes? What is the meaning of independence if some states continue to bear disproportionate suffering, year after year? All of these are nothing but uncomfortable questions but warrants deep reflection for better outlook.

Freedom is often celebrated in political terms as being independence from colonial rule, sovereignty over territory, and the right to self-determination. However, for ordinary citizens, freedom has a more immediate meaning. It is the freedom to live without fear of displacement or death from preventable disasters. It is the freedom to enjoy safe housing, reliable infrastructure, and equal access to opportunities. It is the freedom to trust that the government, both state and federal, will safeguard the well-being of its people.

Malaysia Day should therefore not only be about remembrance but also about accountability. To celebrate nationhood while ignoring preventable suffering would be an empty gesture. The true test of a nation¡¯s independence is not found in ceremonial speeches or parades. It is revealed in moments of crisis. When states are struck by floods and landslides, the rest of Malaysia must respond. Those responses are not out of charity, but out of duty. Swift announcement of RM10 million through the National Disaster Management Agency (NADMA) by the Prime Minister marked the salient sheer commitment and nation¡¯s empathy.

If Malaysia Day is to remain meaningful, it must be reclaimed as more than a ceremonial holiday. It must serve as a call to action to strengthen disaster preparedness, to invest in resilient infrastructure, and to ensure that no community is left behind. Policymakers must take the lessons from Sabah¡¯s recent tragedy seriously, addressing the systemic causes of vulnerability. Civil society must demand accountability and transparency in disaster management. Ordinary Malaysians must extend solidarity, not only through words but through tangible support for affected communities. Blame is not to put under the label of climate change as climate change took place all due to human¡¯s faults managing natural resources.

In Sabah¡¯s floods and landslides, Malaysia¡¯s conscience is once again being tested. How we respond to prevent future calamities will determine whether Malaysia Day remains a true celebration of an independent nation or merely an annual reminder of promises unfulfilled.

?

Article by:

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zarina Amin Prof. Dr. Vijay Kumar

Biotechnology Research Institute,

Â鶹ÊÓƵ

zamin@ums.edu.my

?

Sabah, located on the island of Borneo, is one of the most biodiverse regions in Southeast Asia, home to extraordinary ecosystems and unique genetic resources with immense scientific and biotechnological potential. Renowned as a global biodiversity hotspot, its rainforests, coral reefs and highland ecosystems shelter countless rare and endemic species.

Yet, Sabah's future may depend on more than just conserving its lush forests and rich marine environments; it lies in how the state studies, sustains and innovates from these natural assets.

Today, Sabah stands at a pivotal crossroads: to embrace biotechnology as a key pillar of sustainable development, or risk leaving its remarkable natural wealth underexplored and underutilized.

In a bold move toward economic diversification and sustainable development, the Sabah state government, through the Sabah Biodiversity Centre (SaBC), a department under the Chief Minister's Department launched the Sabah Biotechnology Action Blueprint 2024-2034 in June 2024.

This decade-long strategic plan positions Sabah as a future leader in the regional bioeconomy. The blueprint aims to harness biotechnology to address the state's unique environmental and socio-economic challenges.

With its exceptional biodiversity and abundant natural resources, Sabah is ideally placed to advance agricultural, marine and environmental biotechnology.

By fostering innovation in these key sectors, the blueprint seeks to develop high-value industries that improve local livelihoods, create skilled jobs and enhance Sabah's global competitiveness.

The blueprint aligns with global trends of leveraging science and innovation for sustainable growth, opening new avenues for job creation, investment and technological progress. It identifies five focus areas: industrial, healthcare, forestry, biotourism and agriculture; supported by five strategic thrusts to promote scientific advancement, economic diversification, community engagement and environmental sustainability.

Experts have cautioned that without targeted research investment, Sabah's biological wealth risks remaining untapped and vulnerable. In response, the blueprint prioritizes converting research into sustainable revenue streams, focusing on promising sectors such as functional foods, precision agriculture, sustainable aquaculture and natural product development. Aligned with the National Biotechnology Policy 2.0 (DBN 2.0) launched in September 2022, the blueprint leverages Sabah's vast biodiversity, indigenous knowledge and growing research capabilities.

As environmental concerns grow and the global focus shifts toward sustainability, the role of higher education institutions has never been more vital. At the core of this scientific push is Â鶹ÊÓƵ (UMS), widely regarded as a central force in driving biotechnology research, biodiversity conservation and inclusive innovation.

Through a range of strategic grants, collaborative projects and strong institutional leadership, UMS is translating scientific discovery into real-world impact; anchoring Sabah's transition to a resilient, knowledge-driven bioeconomy.

UMS's biotechnology leadership is rooted in its Centres of Excellence (COE): the Biotechnology Research Institute (BRI), Borneo Marine Research Institute (BMRI), and the Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation (ITBC). These centres are pioneering efforts across terrestrial, microbial and marine biotechnology.

Their shared mission is to unlock the value of Sabah's extraordinary bio-resources for both industry development and environmental stewardship. UMS's work in microbial and plant biotechnology contributes to the development of high value bioproducts, while research on the genetic diversity and bioactivity of plant and marine species underpins conservation, agriculture and climate resilience efforts.

A testament to UMS's strength is its success in securing major research funding.

Between 2023 and 2024, UMS was awarded a total of RM18 million in external grants, including RM6.25 million under the Ministry of Higher Education's Translational Sustainability Programme. This grant supports targeted research in energy, agriculture, and environmental biotechnology, with a strong emphasis on local relevance and real-world application.

UMS¡¯s involvement in the Petronas¨CAcademia Collaboration Dialogue (PACD) further advances Sabah¡¯s clean energy goals. In early 2024, UMS received RM5.75 million to support bioenergy research, particularly in microbial hydrogen production and biomass conversion. This initiative highlights the potential of Sabah's microbial resources in driving low-carbon, sustainable industrial development.

To support these efforts, UMS continues to upgrade its infrastructure. The Biotechnology Research Institute now houses a state-of-the-art High-End equipment facility, featuring Transmission and Scanning Electron Microscopes, a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) hyphenated system and a two-storey Class 3 Biosafety Laboratory for animal and human work as well as a dedicated Class 3 Transgenic Biosafety Laboratory for genetic modification research.

These tools and facilities are crucial for advanced innovations in molecular biology, natural product discovery and the characterization of bioactive compounds sourced from Sabah's rich ecosystems.

UMS's research programmes align closely with state and national development strategies such as the Sabah Maju Jaya roadmap and DBN 2.0. Through the SBAB, UMS is helping transform Sabah's biodiversity into a sustainable economic pillar while promoting ethical, community- focused research.

Collaboration is fundamental to UMS's approach. The university works closely with various government agencies, international institutions and local communities.?

Leading BRI researchers such as Prof. Dr. Michael Wong, Prof. Dr. Vijay Kumar, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mailin Misson and Dr. Nur Athirah Yusuf have advanced biotechnology for community wellbeing and regional growth. BRI's landmark contributions include decoding the MD2 pineapple genome, as well as genetic studies of endangered species such as the Sunda stink-badger, horseshoe crabs, staghorn corals, slipper orchids, proboscis monkeys and the indigenous peoples of Sabah.

In a landmark collaborative effort between SaBC and BRI in 2020, more than 1,000 bacterial strains were successfully isolated from marine and terrestrial conservation sites across Sabah.

Among these, over 70 species demonstrated significant industrial and medical potential, including the ability to produce valuable enzymes such as amylases and proteases, as well as antimicrobial compounds.

This initiative has strengthened UMS¡¯s position not only as a leader in tropical genomics and conservation biotechnology, but also as a key contributor to industrial and healthcare biotechnology, which are core pillars of the state¡¯s biotechnology blueprint.

Equally important is UMS's role in public education and awareness. Through the efforts of Yayasan Penyelidikan Antartika Sultan Mizan (YPASM) and Akademi Sains Malaysia (ASM) Fellows, UMS has delivered impactful outreach programmes to schoolchildren and rural communities.

These initiatives bring biotechnology education into classrooms and community halls, covering molecular biology, microbial diversity and environmental DNA.

¡°Sabah's biodiversity is a gateway to biotechnology,¡± said Dr. Nur Athirah Yusuf. ¡°From tropical forests to polar regions, our research helps link local knowledge with global solutions and proves that science truly knows no boundaries.¡±

These workshops, demonstrations and science-based storytelling sessions are inspiring a new generation of Sabahans to see biotechnology as both accessible and meaningful, while fostering early interest in STEM and conservation careers.

Sustainability remains at the core of UMS's mission. The SBAB explicitly rejects extractive, externally driven models that have failed other biodiverse regions.

¡°Sabah has the potential to become a global model for biodiversity-driven innovation,¡± said Prof. Dr. Clemente Wong, a molecular microbiologist and research pioneer. ¡°But success depends on sustained investment, not just in infrastructure, but in the people who make it happen.¡±

In conclusion, Â鶹ÊÓƵ exemplifies how a university can serve as both a steward of biodiversity and a driver of bioeconomic transformation. Through its multidisciplinary research, strategic partnerships and grassroots engagement, UMS is building a future where science, society and sustainability converge.

Its work ensures that Sabah's natural heritage becomes a foundation for lasting innovation, opportunity and prosperity for generations to come.

Article by:

Prof. Dr. Vijay Kumar & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zarina Amin

Biotechnology Research Institute,

Â鶹ÊÓƵ

zamin@ums.edu.my

?

Borneo is a land of breathtaking biodiversity, where lush rainforests, winding rivers, and diverse wildlife have coexisted with human communities for centuries. However, as Sabah continues to develop, we are seeing increasing interactions between humans, livestock and wildlife, raising the risk of zoonotic diseases, where pathogens jump from animals to people.

The COVID-19 pandemic made biosurveillance a global priority, but as we move forward, many of those lessons are being forgotten. In regions like Sabah, where human-wildlife interactions are frequent, biosurveillance needs to remain a priority. The spread of infectious diseases doesn¡¯t just threaten public health as it can impact tourism, agriculture, and even conservation efforts.

?

The Growing Threat of Zoonotic Diseases in Borneo

?

One of the most well-documented zoonotic diseases in Borneo is Plasmodium knowlesi malaria, transmitted by mosquitoes from macaques. With Sabah¡¯s rural communities expanding into forested areas, the risk of exposure has increased. Alarmingly, this zoonotic malaria now accounts for the majority of malaria cases in the state.

Beyond malaria, bats in Sabah have been found carrying several previously unknown coronaviruses, similar to the ones responsible for past outbreaks like SARS and COVID-19. These discoveries highlight the risks faced by tourists and locals visiting popular bat-inhabited caves.

Meanwhile, Sabah¡¯s poultry farms have struggled with outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) in 2018. The virus spread rapidly, resulting in the culling of thousands of birds. While no human cases were reported, viral antibodies were detected in some individuals, suggesting previous zoonotic transmission.

In neighbouring Sarawak, rabies remains a major concern, accounting for nearly all cases in Malaysia. With Sabah sharing borders with rabies-endemic regions, ongoing vaccination and surveillance efforts are critical to prevent outbreaks in the state.

?

Emerging Animal Health Challenges

?

Diseases affecting livestock and wildlife are also a growing concern. Local strains of Newcastle Disease Virus and Infectious Bronchitis Virus have impacted Sabah¡¯s poultry industry, rendering existing vaccines not as effective as expected. Infected chickens may not pose a direct zoonotic risk, but their decline threatens food security and the livelihoods of farmers.

Marine wildlife isn¡¯t spared either. On Mabul Island and surrounding waters, a rising number of sea turtles are suffering from fibropapillomatosis, a disease caused by a herpesvirus. This condition leads to debilitating tumors, often requiring human intervention for survival. Surveillance is crucial, even in Sabah¡¯s pristine waters, to protect these endangered species.

Additionally, African Swine Fever (ASF) has devastated Sabah¡¯s wild and farmed pig populations. ASF doesn¡¯t infect humans, but its rapid spread among Sus barbatus (bearded pigs) poses a serious ecological and economic challenge. The loss of these animals could disrupt ecosystems and traditional hunting practices in indigenous communities.

?

Soil, Water, and Rodent-Borne Diseases

?

Diseases like melioidosis, caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, thrive in Sabah¡¯s tropical soil and have infected both humans and wildlife, including orangutans and macaques. Another persistent threat is leptospirosis, a bacterial infection spread through contaminated water, often carried by rats. Similarly, Bartonella bacteria, which are linked to rodents, are surprisingly prevalent in urban centers of Borneo. These hidden threats highlight the need for ongoing environmental monitoring.

?

Human Actions and Disease Spillover

?

One of the biggest challenges in disease prevention is human activity. Poaching and the illegal wildlife trade continue despite conservation efforts. Wildlife, including pangolins, is still being trafficked, often under the radar at local markets. While no zoonotic viruses have been detected in Sabah¡¯s pangolins so far, the risk remains high. Stricter enforcement is needed to curb these activities.

Looking ahead, it is anticipated that large-scale development projects, such as Indonesia¡¯s new capital Nusantara in East Kalimantan, could significantly disrupt wildlife habitat in Borneo¡¯s ecosystems. Increased deforestation, agricultural expansion, and hydropower projects will likely intensify human-wildlife conflicts and heighten disease spillover risks. These large-scale developments are expected to intensify human-wildlife conflicts, habitat loss and disease spillover.

?

The Way Forward: Strengthening One Health Biosurveillance

?

Biosurveillance in Sabah involves government agencies, academic institutions, and conservation organizations, but it faces hurdles like limited funding, outdated equipment, and lack of coordination. Strengthening One Health, a collaborative approach integrating human, animal, and environmental health, is essential to addressing these challenges.

We propose five key strategies:

1. Genomic Surveillance & AI Analytics: Leveraging next-generation sequencing, environmental DNA (eDNA) monitoring, and artificial intelligence (AI) to detect emerging pathogens.
2. Community Engagement & Education: Educating rural and indigenous communities about zoonotic risks and prevention strategies.
3. Stronger Enforcement Against Poaching: Strengthening partnerships between government agencies and NGOs to curb wildlife trafficking.
4. Sustainable Land-Use Policies: Promoting conservation-driven development to minimize human-wildlife conflict.
5. Policy Integration & Increased Funding: Securing more resources for biosurveillance and integrating One Health into national policies.

?

Conclusion

?

Sabah¡¯s rich biodiversity is a double-edged sword, it is a global treasure but also a hotspot for emerging infectious diseases. As human activity continues to reshape landscapes and ecosystems, proactive biosurveillance and a stronger One Health approach are needed.

We urge the formation of an interdisciplinary task force, bringing together public health experts, conservationists, virologists, AI specialists, and policymakers. By combining expertise and leveraging new technologies, Sabah can safeguard both its people and its incredible biodiversity for future generations.

By Associate Professor Dr. Jakaria Dasan,?Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy,?Â鶹ÊÓƵ

?

In every organization, tough decisions must be made at some point. These decisions are usually bold, strategic, and meant for the long term. However, if they seem sudden or confusing, they become unpopular. As the saying goes, ¡°a weapon can turn on its owner.¡±

Both corporations and governments experience this. It's known as a daring approach in the corporate world. However, it can result in losses if the market is misinterpreted. In politics, it can be risky; a kamikaze¡¯s move in which one wrong move can lead to downfall.

In Human Resources (HR), such incidents have the power to alter team spirit, trust, and morale in human resources. These unpopular decisions are often known as restructuring. It brings changes that may cause worry or doubt among employees and the public. However, the choice should be given a fair shot if the modifications attract talented and charismatic individuals.

Understanding Unpopular Decisions in HR. This article looks at how tough decisions affect people in an organization, especially from an HR view. It explores how HR leaders can manage negative reactions and safeguard the culture of the organisation.

Restructuring: Strategy vs. Perception. Restructuring is frequently required for major decisions, such as employing new personnel, reorganising teams, or replacing leaders. To remain competitive, HR might view this as the best course of action. However, workers may believe: "Wrong person, wrong time." Staff feel shocked and trust may drop. If communication is poor, rumors spread. What HR sees as smart may feel like punishment to staff. What matters is how changes are made and how they are felt.

Leadership Lessons: Silent Impact. Consider this scenario: a beloved manager is replaced by a talented but unheard-of leader. It makes strategic sense because the company is looking for new talent. However, there is a significant emotional impact on the team. Faith in the former leader is replaced with mistrust and scepticism. The actual issue? Ineffective communication, or the worst a poor communication. The team was not prepared by management. Thus, the abrupt adjustment was painful and perplexing. The team might stay unstable for a while even if the transition is successful.

The True Price of Unpopular Choices. From an HR perspective, the harm manifests itself in more ways than just numbers. Firstly, low employee engagement: Confusion, mistrust, and even hatred result from a lack of explanation. Secondly, leadership credibility declines: Leaders appear self-centred in the absence of candid discussions. Thirdly, workplace culture suffers: Team ties are weakened by restructuring in the absence of common values. These issues might not be included in reports, but they will be discussed in meetings, office gossip, and watercooler conversation.

HR's Role in the Crisis. One aspect of HR's work is making unpopular decisions. However, the impact can be lessened by taking wise actions: 1. Don't be a surprise by telling the story early. Talk about the "why" before the "what." 2. Involve unofficial leaders: There are influencers on every team. Get their help as soon as possible. 3. Be ready for emotional responses: Denial, rage, or rejection can accompany even positive changes. Plan how to help staff cope.

When Care and Courage Collide. In human resources, we have to balance strategy with people's emotions. Not all decisions that are unpopular are bad. However, they can cause scars if done incorrectly. When made by the wrong person, in the wrong way, or at the wrong moment, even the best choice can backfire.
HR is responsible for managing emotions in addition to systems. When bold moves are needed, HR must translate logic into human stories. Because people remember how something happened, not just what happened.

?

About the Author:

Dr. Jakaria Dasan is an Associate Professor at the Faculty of Business, Economics, and Accountancy, Â鶹ÊÓƵ (UMS). He specializes in Human Resource Management and has experience in both industry and university HR roles.

By: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Caroline Geetha A/P B. Arokiadasan,?

Research Fellow, Centre for Economic Development and Planning,

Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy,?Â鶹ÊÓƵ

?

When the United States announced sweeping new tariffs on all imports, including a 24% levy on Malaysian goods, the immediate reaction here was alarm. After all, the U.S. is Malaysia¡¯s third-largest trading partner.

But beneath the fear lies a deeper question, is this just a threat to our economy or a long-overdue wake-up call? The U.S. justifies the new tariffs as a response to unfair trade practices, and Malaysia is in the radar due to various reasons.?

For one, Malaysia has become a popular hub for transshipping Chinese goods to avoid existing U.S. tariffs. Some Chinese companies were caught routing products through Malaysia to dodge duties. While not illegal under local laws, this practice has raised eyebrows in Washington.

Then there¡¯s Malaysia¡¯s booming semiconductor and electronics industry and U.S. is our largest customer in this sector. U.S. officials worry that our exports to China and our role in global supply chains might indirectly support their trade rivals.

Moreover, Malaysia's expanding export market in electronics and electrical goods presents significant competition to U.S. manufacturers. This substantial export volume underscores Malaysia's growing influence in sectors traditionally dominated by U.S. companies. This poses competitive challenges to American manufacturers.

Lastly, the ongoing concerns about environmental and labour practices in the palm oil industry. The U.S. has imposed restrictions and higher tariffs on Malaysian palm oil exports due to alleged human right issues and environmental degradation, leading to increased U.S. restrictions and tariffs on Malaysian exports. This has put Malaysia under pressure.

On paper, the numbers look threatening. Malaysia¡¯s exports to the United States particularly in high-value sectors like semiconductors and electronics are predominantly driven by foreign direct investment (FDI) and multinational corporations (MNCs) operating within the country, rather than by wholly Malaysian-owned companies.

Many of these high-tech exports, including semiconductors, electrical and electronic (E&E) products, and medical devices, are produced by major U.S., Japanese, German, or European MNCs that have established manufacturing bases in Malaysia. Companies such as Intel, AMD, Texas Instruments, and Broadcom have long operated in regions like Penang and Kulim, using Malaysia as a strategic hub for production and assembly to supply their global value chains, including the U.S. market.

In addition, joint ventures between Malaysian firms and foreign partners, especially in the electronics, palm oil, rubber, and automotive sectors, enable local players to ascend the value chain by leveraging foreign technology and market access.

Meanwhile, fully Malaysian-owned companies are more dominant in commodities such as palm oil, rubber gloves, furniture, and food products, with firms like Top Glove, Hartalega, Sime Darby, and various furniture exporters from Johor playing key roles. These local companies are more exposed to tariff shocks, as they lack the geographic flexibility of MNCs.

MNCs are drawn to Malaysia for its lower production costs, skilled workforce, mature supply chain infrastructure (particularly in Penang and Selangor), political stability and incentives provided by the Malaysian Investment Development Authority (MIDA).

However, the imposition of U.S. tariffs could prompt some of these firms to reconsider their operations in Malaysia, potentially shifting production to other Southeast Asian countries or back to the U.S., while Malaysian exporters may suffer directly due to limited relocation options¡ªultimately affecting job creation and GDP contributions in Malaysia.

This exposes a long-standing issue that Malaysia has become overly dependent on foreign direct investment (FDI) to drive exports, jobs, and growth. And while FDI creates employment and boosts productivity, the benefits often don¡¯t stick.

Research shows that technology and innovation rarely trickle down. FDI has contributed to labour productivity growth, its impact on Total Factor Productivity (TFP), a better measure of efficiency and technological diffusion by FDI has been limited, particularly in low- and mid-tech sectors. High-value spill overs are largely confined to specific clusters like the E&E sector in Penang, with limited national diffusion.

Furthermore, technology and managerial know-how transfers remain shallow, as most MNCs keep R&D and innovation functions in their home countries, relegating Malaysia to low-to-mid value assembly roles. The situation is compounded by transfer pricing practices that erode Malaysia¡¯s tax base.

Profits are often repatriated. R&D stays offshore. Malaysia does the work¡ªbut others reap the rewards. It creates a deficit in the current account in the balance of payment, eventually draining the foreign reserves and weakening the Ringgit.

From a human rights and environmental standpoint, MNCs often relocate polluting industries to developing nations like Malaysia, exploiting weaker labour and environmental regulations, only to later impose ESG-related barriers on Malaysian exports, creating an uneven global playing field.

In this light, rather than fearing U.S. tariffs, Malaysia should treat them as a strategic opportunity to reassess its FDI dependency. It¡¯s tempting to view these tariffs as pure punishment.

But there¡¯s a bigger game at play. Economic tools are used to shape alliances, control technology, and protect strategic industries. If Malaysia remains overly exposed to one or two large markets, it becomes easy prey in such games.

That¡¯s why we must diversify trade relationships, deepening ties within ASEAN, strengthening pacts like the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) and exploring new markets in Africa, the Middle East, and Latin America.

Instead of chasing more FDI at any cost, Malaysia can use this moment to strengthen from within. The government could pivot toward empowering small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), especially in tech and sustainable industries. Rather than assembling parts for others, we could start building our own.

We should also invest in food and energy security, cutting our reliance on imports of essentials like rice, beef, onions, and fuel. Developing agro-tech and scaling up renewable energy could not only reduce vulnerabilities but create new growth sectors.

Reforming education is another crucial step. A system that encourages creativity, entrepreneurship, and research ¡ª not just rote learning ¡ª can nurture a generation ready for high-value jobs in green tech, biotech, and AI.

It¡¯s time to move from just producing workers to producing innovators. At the same time, we must meet international expectations. That means cleaning up labour practices in our plantations, enforcing environmental protections, and aligning our industries with ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) standards. This isn¡¯t about pleasing others ¡ª it¡¯s about creating an economy that is fair, sustainable, and respected globally.

Malaysia stands at a crossroads. We can resist change, or we can seize this moment to build something better. A more resilient, inclusive, and sustainable economy¡ªone that is less about pleasing global giants and more about protecting national dignity. Instead of fearing tariffs, we can treat them as a signal. A signal that it¡¯s time to invest in ourselves.

?

By:?Marja Azlima Omar,?Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Â鶹ÊÓƵ

?

In April 2025, the Sultanate of Sulu announced its intention to invoke a series of historic treaties, including a 15th-century tributary pact with China and the 1915 Carpenter-Kiram Agreement, as the basis for a $25 billion territorial and damages claim against Malaysia concerning Sabah.

This latest claim undeniably introduces a complex interplay of modern international law, cultural diplomacy and historical legacy.

Thus, this short write-up evaluates the legitimacy of these claims through the perspective of international law, focusing on treaty interpretation, the principle of effective control, and contemporary standards of sovereignty.

Since the Sultanate aims to revive its historical status and sovereignty claims by invoking ancient treaties and fostering alliances among Mindanao Sultanates, such a claim warrants examination of their legitimacy in light of international legal standards and historical accuracy.

By examining the intersection of historical agreements and modern legal frameworks, the brief analysis highlights the symbolic nature of the Sultanate¡¯s position and the disconnect between ancestral narratives and current mechanisms for resolving territorial disputes.

First and foremost, it is essential to note that central to the Sultanate¡¯s argument is the 1405 agreement with the Ming Dynasty. In the said argument, the Sulu Sultanate is presented as evidence of its status as an ¡°independent tributary state.¡±

While tributary relations were a diplomatic norm in Imperial China, their existence then lacked the sovereign equivalency implied by modern treaty systems.

Instead, those relationships were hierarchical and ritualistic, intended to maintain harmony and commerce rather than establish enforceable rights or territorial claims. Although Chinese President Xi Jinping acknowledged this relationship during the 600th anniversary of the death of the East King of Sulu in 2017, such recognition is merely symbolic in the absence of legal recognition.

It does not equate to legal endorsement of territorial rights under contemporary international law frameworks.

?In other words, the 1405 China-Sulu relationship remains largely as diplomatic symbolism rather than a pursuit of legal sovereignty.

It is also pertinent to note that the Carpenter-Kiram Agreement marked a pivotal shift in the Sultanate¡¯s role, transitioning from a temporal authority to a religious and cultural institution under American colonial protection.

This means that the 1915 Carpenter-Kiram Treaty was nothing more than a colonial transitional arrangement.

While the Sultan retained ceremonial influence, the sovereignty and administrative power were, however, transferred to the United States.

The agreement does not recognise any enforceable territorial claim over Sabah. Notably, the treaty did not include Sabah, which by then was already under the administrative control of the British North Borneo Company.

?The treaty serves as a historical document of imperial consolidation rather than a legal basis for contemporary territorial claims.

The basis of the Sultanate¡¯s renewed claim also emphasises the interconnectedness between sovereignty, effective control and self-determination.

A seminal principle in international law is effective control, and in this regard, Malaysia has administered Sabah continuously since its formation in 1963.

This de facto governance is reinforced by the people of Sabah¡¯s participation in the Malaysian federation through a referendum.

The involvement in question solidifies its sovereignty over the territory.

Since its inception, the United Nations Charter and subsequent resolutions of the General Assembly have consistently and continuously supported the right to self-determination.

The people of Sabah had clearly exercised this right, and their decision to join Malaysia carries substantial legal weight in comparison to historical claims by external entities. The latter claim falls short of modern international law¡¯s jurisdiction or authority.

?Lastly, one must also set the record straight by insisting that the recent unity covenant of the Mindanao Sultanates was, in fact, a cultural revival, not a legal instrument with binding implications.

The Covenant signed by the Sultanates of Sulu, Maguindanao, and the Rajanate of Buayan reflects a pertinent cultural and historical solidarity among Mindanao¡¯s traditional leaders.

While it may carry sociopolitical significance within particular communities, such agreements are not legally binding in international law unless recognised by sovereign states or treaty-based institutions such as the United Nations.

The revival of these royal networks, while notable for heritage preservation, cannot substitute for state-based diplomacy or legal standing at the United Nations or the International Court of Justice.

In sum, the renewed Sultanate of Sulu¡¯s assertion of territorial rights over Sabah was based on pre-colonial and early 20th-century treaties.

Nonetheless, the treaties lack sufficient grounding in modern international law.

The treaties cited either carry symbolic or obsolete colonial implications that do not translate into current legal authority.

In contrast, Malaysia¡¯s longstanding administration of Sabah and the region¡¯s exercise of self-determination represent stronger legal foundations under international norms. Any credible effort to revisit or resolve the Sabah question must engage with contemporary legal mechanisms and geopolitical frameworks rather than relying on antiquated claims rooted in lost sovereignty.

?

This article presents an academic argument by Marja Azlima Omar a senior lecturer affiliated with the International Relations Programme at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, UMS. She obtained her first law degree (LL.B.) and Master¡¯s in International Trade Law (LL.M.) from the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom. Over the past few years, she has taught several core courses, including Public International Law, Global Environmental Politics, and Asia and International Trade. She has also published several articles in various academic journals as well as co-authored and co-edited a few books. Among others is ¡°Sabah Priority Issues: Setting the Course for Change,¡± published in 2010. Her recent publications include a book chapter, ¡°Establishing Animus Occupandi for Effective Occupation of Pulau Layang-Layang: Analysis of Past Decided Cases¡± (2024), and ¡°Empowering Youth: Education for Economic Disadvantage in Sabah, Malaysia¡± (2025). Her research interests lie in areas concerning Malaysia and issues in international Law and international relations. She is also interested in Sabah¡¯s environmental and developmental problems, as well as indigenous land rights and native title. She can be contacted via email mazlima@ums.edu.my.

?

Author: Dr Connie Shin @ Connie Cassy Ompok

Faculty of Education and Sports Sciences, University Malaysia Sabah

?

INTRODUCTION

?

This article begins with an account of how I discovered my academic voice, emphasizing the importance of teaching children through culture, play, and active parental involvement. Observing children at play reveals qualities that can endure into adulthood. From the "nurture" perspective, it is crucial to cultivate positive attitudes and attributes in young individuals to help them grow into well-rounded adults. Childhood experiences and upbringing significantly influence one's adult life. Therefore, the formative years are the ideal time to foster a sense of unity and shared values.

Young individuals engage in activities that facilitate cross-cultural connections. Guidance may come from parents or older individuals, and children may form a diverse network of acquaintances across different age groups. Given the critical role early childhood education plays in unlocking children's potential and preparing them to face future challenges, ongoing efforts to improve its quality are essential. This study provides insights and reflections gained from an educational visit to Japan.

The National Standard Preschool Curriculum (NSPC) serves as a guideline for all prescho

ols, promoting balanced and holistic development in alignment with the National Education Philosophy (Ministry of Education, 2017). The curriculum focuses on six key components: communication, spirituality and moral values, humanity, self-development, physical and aesthetic development, and science and technology. These components are designed to cultivate critical and creative thinking, moral values, and innovation, ensuring that Malaysia's preschool education system prepares children to meet the country's future workforce demands, as outlined in the Malaysian Education Blueprint (2013¨C2025).

The Malaysian government has increasingly prioritized quality control in preschool education, recognizing that a strong early start significantly contributes to children's long-term cognitive and social development, which, in turn, supports the nation's economic progress. Consequently, early childhood education (ECE) has become a central focus for improving educational outcomes. In recent years, research on early childhood education in Malaysia has primarily concentrated on enhancing the curriculum and learning environment.

In Malaysia, preschool education aims to provide learning experiences for children aged four to six years, nurturing their potential across all aspects of development, equipping them with basic skills, and fostering positive attitudes in preparation for primary school. However, the involvement of family and community in a child¡¯s education remains underdeveloped. Research shows that family interaction, peer relationships, and the socio-economic and cultural environment significantly influence a child's overall well-being and development (Ismail et al., 2018; Majzub & Rashid, 2012). These factors are often overlooked when the focus is solely on academic achievement.

Japanese early childhood education (ECE) is marked by a comprehensive approach that emphasizes the integrated development of children¡¯s cognitive, social, emotional, and physical abilities. The focus on play-centered education is a fundamental aspect of this system, in which children participate in both organized and free activities that promote creativity, collaboration, and problem-solving (Akita, 2010; Lewis, 1995). Teaching and learning activities are often shaped by philosophy and belief, integrating diverse cultural and religious influences. These approaches emphasize harmony, a connection with nature, and an understanding of the impermanence of all things.

Hands-on lessons play a crucial role in imparting valuable life skills and fostering positive habits in children. Learning these foundational skills at an early age is vital, as it prepares children for future responsibilities while promoting good habits, such as tidiness and organization. Early education in these areas not only supports personal growth but also lays the groundwork for a disciplined and well-rounded adulthood. During free play, children are encouraged to interact with their peers, fostering social connections and collaboration. This approach emphasizes building relationships and developing interpersonal skills, rather than encouraging solitary play, to promote a sense of community and mutual understanding among children.

To name a few, cultural traits of a country certainly influence the way education policies are formulated. Precision in daily activities has become a key aspect of life. The country's educational priorities are shaped by the drive to excel, with cultural values playing an important role. For instance, it is often said that the Japanese "eat with their eyes," as food is prepared neatly and attractively. Cleanliness and creativity within the community are highly valued. Perhaps the education system reflects the essence of the country¡¯s psyche and culture, incorporating these values into its approach.

This uniqueness is reflected in the activities conducted throughout the year. Here are a few examples:

Community involvement in Japan is deeply embedded in the culture, with a strong emphasis on collective responsibility, cooperation, and mutual support.

?

Japanese girls Akari and Satsuki, dressed in traditional attire, visit a shrine in Tokyo for the Shichi-Go-San festival. Held annually on November 15, this festival celebrates the growth and well-being of young children, marking an important cultural milestone in Japan.

Madam Toh Keiko always spends time exercising up the hill with her grandchildren, enjoying both the physical activity and the opportunity to bond with them. The hill, surrounded by lush greenery, offers a peaceful escape from the hustle and bustle of everyday life. As they climb, she encourages her grandchildren to appreciate the beauty of nature, teaching them valuable lessons about perseverance and the importance of staying active. The shared experience not only strengthens their physical health but also deepens their connection, creating lasting memories of quality time together.

?

Madam Toh Keiko always spends time reading storybooks to her grandchildren, creating a warm and nurturing atmosphere in their home. As they gather around, she brings the stories to life with her expressive voice, capturing their imaginations and sparking their love for reading. Whether it¡¯s a fairytale or a story about adventure, her grandchildren eagerly listen, asking questions and engaging with the characters.

?

Lead a life closely connected to nature, and take time to appreciate its grandeur, beauty, and wonder. Engage with the world around you, exploring the various elements of life and developing a deep curiosity about their nature and organization. Cultivate an awareness of the intricate balance that exists in the natural world.

?

Acknowledge the importance of all life forms by fostering a sense of respect and appreciation. Take the time to observe and learn about the animals and plants living in your surrounding environment, allowing these interactions to deepen your understanding of the interconnectedness of life. Through this connection, you not only develop a greater appreciation for nature but also nurture a sense of responsibility toward preserving and protecting it.

Familiarity with culture and tradition is essential to nurture awareness of the connection between society and international understanding. The cultural traits of a country certainly influence the way education policies are formulated. Precision in daily activities has become an important value, influencing the way tasks are carried out. National educational priorities in Malaysia are driven by the need for excellence, and cultural elements play a significant role in shaping these priorities.

Despite the growing recognition of the importance of ECCEs, several challenges persist within Malaysia¡¯s preschool education system. Parental engagement remains a critical issue, with studies showing that limited involvement¡ªdue to language barriers or a lack of awareness, thus hinders the effectiveness of multicultural education. Parental involvement and community support are crucial for a child's early learning, and without them, ECCE programs struggle to reach their full potential.

Fostering the value of respect for tradition and culture, as well as love for one¡¯s country and regions is essential. Equally important is instilling respect for other countries and a desire to contribute to world peace and the development of the international community. Given the significance of early childhood education as the foundation for lifelong development, it plays a crucial role in shaping individuals who will contribute positively to the global community.

Considering the importance of early childhood education as the foundation for the lifelong formation of one¡¯s character. Abdullah's (2023) study explored the character development of preschool-aged children, highlighting a positive shift towards a scholarly focus on the humanity aspects of early childhood education.? Early education plays a crucial role in building children's potential and preparing them for future challenges, and efforts to enhance its quality must continue. In future, Children must also be equipped with the foundation necessary to become creators of a of a sustainable society while working toward the goals and objectives of such education.

This can be achieved by encouraging each child to recognize their inherent goodness and potential, respect others as worthy individuals, collaborate with diverse people, overcome various social changes, and pave the way for a fulfilling future. Promoting voluntary activities and allowing children to lead a life that reflects their developmental needs¡ªbased on the idea that young children utilize experiences essential to their growth¡ªcan help them fully demonstrate their abilities in an emotionally stable environment.

In providing comprehensive instruction through play as a spontaneous activity of children in close cooperation with families while looking at the connection with post-elementary school education and life-long learning. Traditional games, in particular, hold significant value as they engage children in activities that promote social interaction, problem-solving, and cultural understanding, further enriching their developmental experiences.

Education during early childhood is crucial in cultivating a foundation for lifelong character development. Teachers must strive to build a relationship of trust with young children and create a positive educational environment in collaboration with them. This can be comprehensively achieved through play-centered instruction, considering that play¡ªa spontaneous activity for children is an essential aspect of learning. Play helps cultivate a balanced development of both physical and mental aspects.

To encourage children to look forward to and stay motivated for future activities, it is important to help them gain perspective on and reflect upon their play and daily life experiences. Teachers should actively foster children's voluntary activities through various approaches, empowering them to take initiative and engage with their surroundings. Additionally, supporting early childhood education both at home and within the community is crucial to enriching children's overall lives. By strengthening these efforts, children's development can be enhanced in a holistic way, ensuring they are well-prepared for future challenges.

Given the close interrelationship between mental and physical health, teachers should promote the flexible development of both the body and mind in children. This approach allows children to experience a sense of self-awareness and fulfillment, which is fostered through warm relationships with teachers and peers. Teachers should encourage children to build the ability to relate to others in a group, where each individual is valued.

In doing so, teachers should help children act with confidence, showcasing their abilities within the group. This process involves recognizing their own unique characteristics and positive qualities, while also receiving affirmation from teachers and friends. Such interactions support the development of a healthy sense of self and social connection, both of which are vital for a child's overall well-being.

In conclusion, childhood and the experiences we have during our formative years play a defining role in shaping our adult lives. When it comes to unity, the most influential period is during these early years. Young people engage in activities that foster cross-cultural interactions, and depending on their age, they may be guided by parents or older individuals while forming friendships within a multi-racial community. Let us work together to build a beautiful, united Malaysia.

?

The author would like to thank Madam Toh Keiko (ÌÙ ¹ç×Ó), from Kasuga City, Fukuoka Prefecture (¸£¸Ô±h´ºÈÕÊÐ), for sharing photos of how she raises her two beautiful grandchildren.

?

REFERENCES

1. Akita, K. (2010). Early childhood education in Japan: A historical perspective. International Journal of Early Childhood, 42(2), 101¨C116.
2. Abdullah, M. A. R. (2023). Learning moral values through cartoons for Malaysian preschool-aged children. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 22(6), 370-394.
3. Ismail, I. M., Anis, S. K., Subramaniam, T. S., Amiruddin, H., & Ismail, M. E. (2018). Penerapan elemen perkembangan kognitif, psikomotor dan sosio-emosi dalam permainan dalam mencapai objektif Kurikulum Standard Prasekolah Kebangsaan. Online Journal for TVET Practitioners, 1, 1-10. ISSN 2289-7410
4. Majzub, R. M., & Rashid, A. A. (2012). School readiness among preschool children. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46, 3524¨C3529.
5. Ministry of Education. (2017). National Preschool Curriculum Standards (KSPK). Ministry of Education.
6. Lewis, C. C. (1995). Educating hearts and minds: Reflections on Japanese preschool and elementary education. Cambridge University Press.

?

?

?

By:?Dr. Eko Prayitno Joko,?Head of the History Programme, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Â鶹ÊÓƵ

?

From colonised to independent. From the Federation of Malaya to the Federation of Malaysia. From National Day to Sabah Day. This transition marks the 61^st anniversary of Malaysia¡¯s formation, the 67^th year of independence, and two years since the celebration of Sabah Day. The process has been long. The spirit is strong, but the substance remains limited.

?

If the previous generations sacrificed their lives for the country¡¯s independence, then the current generation is responsible for giving meaning to that independence. Unfortunately, the understanding of independence still remains largely literal, just a statement which states Malaysia¡¯s freedom from colonial rule. In terms of contents, it is marked with red date on annual calendar which remains constant. Celebrated with fireworks show by people of all backgrounds. Discussed in higher education by scholars, or celebrated through parade contingents in open fields, these rituals are consistently performed, displayed with colour and endless noise. It is not entirely wrong, it is just insufficient.

?

Imbuing independence with meaning requires more than symbolic celebrations. Thus, independence must be viewed in a broader context, relevant to the era¡¯s context, and aligned with the aspirations of citizens. Today, Malaysia¡¯s independence should be symbolised by a spirit of unity, inclusive action, and the celebration of diversity.

?

This spirit has long been nurtured and continues to be celebrated under the administration of unity government. Guided by the spirit of reform, the government is open not only to political democratisation but also to rewriting history. This openness allows for the potential documentation of new, localised narratives as part of Malaysia¡¯s historical development.

?

Such openness seems welcomed in the context of Sabah¡¯s development. This matter is marked by gazetting of Sabah Day, symbolising the state¡¯s freedom from British rule. This gazetting does not mean that Sabah rejects the celebration of National Day but is simply a way to appreciate the contributions of Sabahans that are less mentioned in the national historiographical context. In other words, National Day and Sabah Day will be celebrated on the same date. Both brings the same meaning of independence. Both are about appreciating the contributions of past heroes.

?

Sabah Day ¨C A Gap in Need of Fulfilment

?

The gazetting of Sabah Day is not intended to be provocative. Its celebration aims to expose the younger generation in Sabah about the diversity of independence history among regions within Malaysia. This effort raises the possibility of ¡°history awareness¡± related to local history richness in the context of national historiography. Nonetheless, the gazetting of Sabah Day must align with ¡°historiography of liberation.¡± It should be capable to democratising ¡°national historiography¡±. Otherwise, Sabah Day will only be celebrated with independence slogans, accompanied by waving of the Jalur Gemilang and Sabah state flag.

?

The people of Sabah need more than these gestures. Sabah Day should be a medium to challenge the imbalance in historical representations within national historiography. This needs to be realised as understandings of national historiography is more highlighted in the perspectives of the Peninsular Malaysia. It is not comprehensive as it marginalises the historical perspectives of the Borneo communities ¨C specifically in Sabah. This imbalance can be corrected by reconstructing the national historiography, which can be addressed through the content of Sabah Day.

?

This medium can be used to highlight the leadership of Sabah figures in Malaysia¡¯s development. Their contributions should be positioned on par with leaders from Peninsular Malaysia, widely acknowledged in national historiography. Introduced more frequently to Malaysians. Through this approach, national historiography becomes more democratic and humane, transcending ideological, social status, and regional boundaries. National historiography will no longer be discussed narrowly and written based on ¡°what actually happened¡± instead of ¡°what is said to have happened¡±.

?

In addition to restructuring national historiography, Sabah Day¡¯s narrative should also be broadened in terms of its themes. Previously, the narratives of Sabah¡¯s independence history are centred around ¡°history from above,¡± which now needs to be balanced with the writing of ¡°history from below¡±. Same goes to the historical collections, needs to be diversified. Reconstruction should not only rely solely on documentary sources, but also include oral histories from the locals. By doing so we can more frequently hear the voices of the ¡°marginalised communities,¡± the ¡°poor¡± and the ¡°illiterate¡± in the local history writings of Sabah. This goal must be realised so that Sabah¡¯s history, once uniform, will become more diverse.

?

The theme shift in writings of Sabah¡¯s history will undoubtedly contribute to the nationalisation of local history. Moreover, more narratives of Sabah¡¯s history can be documented and shared with the wider community. Subsequently, this matter will assist in the efforts of more history discourse within the national curriculum. Previously, the efforts were unsuccessful because it is hard for students to obtain materials on Sabah¡¯s history, now the issue can be resolved.

?

UMS - The Vanguard of Giving Meaning to Sabah Day

?

The objective of empowering the content of Sabah Day is not easy. To succeed it requires cooperation from all parties, especially academics. In this matter, Â鶹ÊÓƵ (UMS) holds great potential to achieve this goal as it is the only university in the Borneo region with a history programme and experts specialised in Borneo. This strength is further enhanced by UMS¡¯s history programme focusing on expertise and research related to Borneo. These efforts are carried out through classroom activities, book and journal publications, conference presentation, and research among its academic peers.

?

In addition to the interest of the academic peers in Borneo ¨C Sabah research, this passion is also shared by its students. As of now, undergraduate theses from history students are stored neatly in the Inon Shaharuddin Library. Most of it are yet to be published due to financial constraints, despite its potential in enriching Sabah¡¯s historiography is outstanding.

?

The opportunity of UMS to be the lead in giving meaning to Sabah Day through the documentation of local history is becoming harder to deny. This idea does not need to be explained through lofty theories but based on grounded empirical data. Given Sabah¡¯s strategic position as a crossroads for communities from Asia and Europe, UMS has the potential to become a hub for Borneo-related studies. This idea has actually been voiced by Distinguished Professor Dr. Shamsul Amri, about the ability of UMS to become ¡°champion¡± in providing resources related to Borneo collections. However, this idea has not been realised due to constraints that prevents the efforts of academic peers of UMS in implementing it. Nevertheless, this matter continues, be it slowly but steadily. With consistent work, surely one day every knowledge and research on Borneo ¨C Sabah carried out by UMS will be appreciated. Sought after to give meaning to Sabah Day. Called upon to democratise national historiography!